Outline g>tufcp of 
Cnflltsj) 2|t0torp 



Maud E. Kingsley, a. m. 



The Palmer Company 

BOSTON 




Class, d-lfl Q^ 



Book, 



GopigM .. 



ITS" 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSm 



Outline of 
English History 



Outline of 

English History 

by Maud Elma Kingsley 



Copyright, 1912, by 

The Palmer Company 

Boston 



The Palmer Company, Publishers 
J20 Boylston Street, Boston 






PRESS OF 

NEWCOMB & GAUSS 

SALEM, MASS. 



XlfO 

CI.A320820 



Outline Study of English 
History. 



A. PRELIMINARY WORK. 

I. ENGLISH HISTORY INCLUDES 

J. The History of the British Islands (Particularly that of the Island of 
Great Britain*) 

2. The History of the English People* 

a. Including- the development of the English language 
and distinctive racial characteristics. 

3. The History of the English Monarchy, 

a. Including the development of English political insti- 
tutions and ideas. 
Note 1. The English people did not become the dominant 

race in the British Islands until after 450 A. D. ; 

English political history begins with the completion 

of the Norman Conquest, 1066. 

II. THE HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN BEFORE THE 
ENGLISH SETTLEMENT. 

Note 2. The island of Great Britain was known to the 
Bomans as Britannia, whence the English Britain. 

J. Traces of Primitive Man in Britain. 

a. The paleolithic or chipped flint implements: their 

occurrence in geological strata in connection 
with the remains of animals long extinct in 
Europe. 

b. The neolithic or polished stone implements associated 

with remains of animals of existing or recently 
extinct species. 



2 Outline Study of 

c. The Bronze Age. 

(1). Meaning- of the term. 

(2). The great advance in civilization indicated by the 

knowledge of smelting metals. 
(3). Extensive remains of the prehistoric Bronze Age 
in Britain, 
(a). The Cromlechs : Dolmens: Stonehenge. 
Note 3. Nothing is known of the language or race affilia* 
tions of the people who erected these structures. 

2* The Celtic Race : Its Part in European History* 

a. Conquests of the Celts in western and southern 

Europe ; in Asia Minor. 

b. Settlement of the Celts in Britain, B. C. 600 to B. C. 

200. 

c. Complete absorption or extermination of previous 

population by the Celtic invaders. 

d. Introduction of the use of iron during the period of 

Celtic settlement. 

Note 4. Two very distinct varieties of the Celtic speech 
exist in the British Islands : the Goidelic, represented 
by the Irish and Highland Scottish languages ; and 
the Brytlionic, represented by the existing Welsh and 
the recently extinct language of Cornwall. This 
fact is regarded as indicating progressive waves of 
Celtic invasion. 

e. Characteristics of Celtic civilization. 

(1). The clan system of social organization. 

(2). The use of both iron and bronze implements. 

(3). Savagery of the masses but a certain degree of 

barbaric magnificence among the chiefs. 
(4). The Druid priesthood: its mysterious rites and 

secret influence. 

f . The Phoenicians of Cadiz and the Greeks of Marseilles 

seek commerce in Britain. 



English History 3 

(1). Exploration of the coast of Britain by Pytheas 
of Marseilles, 4th century B. C. 
Note 5. The narrative of this early explorer is known 
only by scanty and garbled quotations in later 
writers. 

3, The Roman Conquest of Britain : Britain Under the Romans. 

'Note 6. The Bomans were the recognized protectors of 
civilization and commerce in western Europe after 
200 B. C, their dominions including the com- 
mercial settlements of both Greeks and Phoenicians. 

a. Conquest of Celtic Gaul by the Bomans under Julius 

Caesar, 58 B. C. to 51 B. C. 
(1). Invasion of Britain by Caesar in 55 and 54 B. C. 
Note 7. These invasions were mere raids for political 
effect since no claim of sovereignty over Britain was 
made by Caesar. 

b. Establishment of Boman interest in Britain through 

commerce ; the adoption of Boman manners by 
the British princes and noblemen. 

c. Invasion of Britain by the Boman Emperor, Claudius, 

to protect the Boman interest, A. D. 43. 

d. London and Camuledunum (Colchester) centers of 

Boman power. 

e. Obstinate resistance of the Celts of the north and 

west ; slow progress of the Boman Conquest. 

f. Destruction of the Druids in the Island of Anglesey 

by Suetonius Paulinus, A. D. 61. 

g. Bevolt of Boadicea in the east, A. D. 62 ; cruel re- 

venge of the Bomans. 

h. Final establishment of the Boman power in Britain 
by the victory of Julius Agricola over the Cale- 
donians in central Scotland, 90 A. D. 

i. Britain organized as a Boman province. 

Note 8. A Boman province was a portion of the world of 



Outline Study of 

•which the Eoman people assumed the protection and 
government. It was not regarded as an integral part 
of a Eoman nation, nor were the provincials, as 
such, Eoman citizens. The Eomans modified their 
system of provincial government to suit the needs 
of each individual province. People who were sub- 
missive and capable were allowed some degree of 
municipal independence ; a thoroughly trusted prince 
or nobleman might be allowed to rule part of a 
province as a vassal king. In general, the provincials 
were forbidden the use of arms and were heavily 
taxed to support the Eoman military garrison and a 
swarm of civil officials sent from Italy to govern 
them. A heavy tribute for the Eoman imperial treas- 
ury was also exacted, and resident Eoman citizens 
formed a privileged class. At the sacrifice of all 
national aspirations, all political, and much of their 
personal, freedom, the provincials gained protection 
against foreign enemies and civil dissentions, a sys- 
tematic and fairly just government, good roads, and 
as much of the refining and civilizing influence exist- 
ing in the Eoman world as they were capable of as- 
similating. 

Britain under the Eomans. 
(1). Geography. 

(a). Walled towns of Chester, Lincoln, London, St. 
Albans, York. 
(2). Eoads. 

(a) . Importance of Eoman roads to Eoman civiliza- 
tion, 
(b). Survival of some of the Eoman roads in Britain 
into Saxon and even later times. 
(3). The Northern Frontier. 

(a). No attempt made by the Eomans to extend 
their conquests into the extreme north of Britain, 
(b) . Consequently the Eomans were compelled to de- 
fend a frontier against active savages constantly 



English History 5 

reinforced from Ireland and, perhaps, from Scan- 
dinavia, 
(c). The wall of the Emperor Hadrian (A. D. 122) 
from the Tyne to the Solway : its purpose : exist- 
ing remains. 
(4). Advance of the Eoman frontier. 

(a). The wall of the Emperor Antonius Pius (A. D. 
142), between the Forth and the Clyde. 
(5). Eevolt of the Caledonians and northern Britons 

(A. D. 160-185). 
(6). Expedition of the Eoman Emperor Septimus 
Severus to Britain: his death at York (208) : 
the frontier of Eoman Britain again established 
at Hadrian's wall. 
k. Life in Britain as revealed by excavation of Eoman 
ruins. 
(1). Towns generally small and mean as compared 

with those of Gaul and Italy. 
(2). Much of the country held, apparently, in vast 
estates tilled by slaves and serfs. 
1. Introduction of Christianity into Britain. 

(1). Flourishing Christian churches in Britain in the 

latter part of the third century. 
(2). Legend of St. Alban of Verulamium. 
(3). The town population apparently thoroughly 
christianized during the fourth century, 
m. End of Eoman Britain. 

(1). Increasing pressure of the barbarians on all the 

frontiers of the empire after 300 A. D. 
(2). New tribes of savages, the Scots and the Picts, 

appear in North Britain. 
(3). German tribes from the region of the mouth of 
the Elbe appear in Britain ; known to the Eomans 
as Saxons. 
(a). Their piratical incursions. 
(b). The Count of the Saxon Shore. 



6 Outline Study of 

B, ENGLISH HISTORY PROPER, 

I* THE ANGLO-SAXONS AND THE EARLY ENGLISH. 

J, The Downfall of Roman Civilization in Britain Contemporaneous 
with the Occupation of the Eastern Half of the Island by 
German Invaders* 

Note 9. A line drawn from the mouth of the Tweed 
through the mouth of the Severn to the south coast, 
would represent roughly the boundary between the 
Celts and the Germans at the time when Eoman civ- 
ilization finally disappeared, early in the 7th century. 

2. Evidence that the Celtic Race became Extinct in the Region 
included in the Earliest German Conquests* 

3* Points to be Noted Regarding the Anglo-Saxons* 

a. Their language, the earliest form of the English 

language, was radically identical with the 
languages of the German coast of the North Sea.. 

b. Meaning of the word Saxon as applied to these Ger- 

man invaders by the Romans and the British- 
Celts. 
Note 10. The Germanic peoples called the British Celts. 
"Welsh". There was a sharper distinction, physi- 
cally, between the Englishman and the Welshman 
than between the Englishman and the Hollander, or 
North German. 
Suggestion 1. Give the derivation and meaning of the 
word "Welsh". 

c. Traditional racial divisions of the German settlers in 

Britain. 
(1). The Angles, Jutes, Saxons; location of their re- 
spective settlements. 
Suggestion 2. Note the following points: (1) The deriva- 
tion of the word "England" ; (2). Derivation of the 
word "English"; (3). Original meaning of the term 
"Anglo-Saxon"; (4). Extent to which the word 



English History 7 

"Anglo-Saxon" is synonymous with the word "Eng- 
lish"; (5). The difference oetween the common use 
of the term at the present day and its historical 
significance. 

d. Traditional or mythical stories of Hengist and Horsa 
and the conquest of Kent ; of Aella and the South 
Saxon settlements ; of Cerdic and the foundation 
of the West Saxon kingdom. 
"Note 11. There is no real history of the English con- 
quests in Britain nor any surviving tradition or 
myth to account for the English settlements north 
of the Thames. 

4, Racial Development of the Early English* 

a. Barbarians lifted above utter savagery by their 

knowledge of the rudiments of agriculture and 
the simple domestic arts. 

b. The social unit, the family. 

"Note 12. Either the natural family, descendants of one 
ancestor ; or the artificial family, formed by the de- 
pendents of one lord. A man looked to his relatives 
or lord for protection and was responsible to his rel- 
atives or to his lord for his own conduct. No more 
was expected of public authority than to see that 
disputes between families or lords were terminated 
in accordance with law and custom. 

c. The economic unit, the household. 

Note 13. By household was meant the actual household 
and the hide or measure of land sufficient for the 
support of one household. A man's wealth was 
measured by the number of hides, the householders 
of which were his serfs and tenants. 

d. Classes of society. 

(1). The King, believed to hold his rank, if not his 
power, by right of divine descent and appoint- 
ment. 



S Outline Study of 

(2). The Thanes (Anglo-Saxon Thegn), or chosen 
warriors and counsellors of the king-; often 
members of his own or other royal families and 
usually landholders and lords, 
(a). The thanes in actual military service, attending 
the king, were called knights. 

(3). Wealthy landholders or members of families 
which, collectively, held much land. 

(4). Free householders (ceorls or churls) who lived 
on one or two hides of land which they either 
owned or rented of a thane or wealthy land- 
holder whom they accepted as their lord. 

(5). Slaves, and freedmen who earned their living by 
menial service, 
(a). The wergeld or money value of a man's life. 

5» Government of the Early English. 

a. Large states incompatible with primitive social or- 

ganization. 
(1). Consequent division of England into a large 
number of small kingdoms, 
(a). Bernicia, Lindsey, Mercia, East Anglia, the 
kingdom of the Hwicce, Wessex, and others. 

b. Duties of government limited to keeping the peace and 

defending or extending the boundaries of the 
kingdom. 

c. The king and his thanes the only public authorities. 

d. Each landholder liable, under some circumstances, to 

various taxes and tributes for the king's use, and 
always liable to military service. 

e. For administrative purposes, each kingdom was di- 

vided into districts ; each district, under a thane, 
who was known as the king's reeve. 
Note 14. The administrative divisions of the kingdom of 
Wessex were known as shires and their royal govern- 
ors as shire reeves (contracted to sheriffs), names 



English History 9 

which English speaking emigrants have taken with 
them into all parts of the world. 

6* Manners and Customs* 

a. Warfare. 

(1). Wealthy classes best equipped for military ser- 
vice, and, consequently, most relied upon. 

(2). The kings, thanes, and knights, the nucleus of the 
military force ; the horseman preferred to the 
foot-soldier. 

(3). A general levy of freemen in cases of emergency. 

(4). Weapons and armor. 
'Note 15. The two-edged cutting sword, the pike or 
thrusting spear, and the javelrn were the usual 
weapons of this period. The long bow did not 
become the distinctive weapon of Englishmen un- 
til after the Norman Conquest. The armor con- 
sisted of a small round shield, a helmet of iron, 
and a coat of iron chain mail. 

b. Agriculture. 

(1). Basis, the heavy plow drawn by eight oxen; vil- 
lage co-operation enforced by the use of such 
clumsy machinery. 

(2). Fertility of the soil maintained by the prohibi- 
tion of continuous cropping according to the uni- 
versal mediaeval custom. 

c. Social life. 

(1). Little if any town life in earliest England. - 
Note 16. London, Canterbury, York, and Lincoln, the 
oldest English towns, were, perhaps, in existence 
one hundred or one hundred and fifty years after 
the destruction of the Eoman towns on the same 
sites. 
(2). Houses. 

(a). Small, usually of one room, with high pitched 
roofs covered with thatch or tiles. 



10 Outline Study of 

d. Trade. 

( 1 ) . Exports : — cattle, wool, slaves. 

( 2 ) . Imports : — gold and silver ornaments ; rich cloth- 
ing. 
(3). Gold, silver, and bronze coins in use. 
Note 17. The words penny and shilling come from the 
earliest English, but the names have indicated widely 
different values at different periods. 

e. Writing. 

( 1 ) . The Runic alphabet. 

(2). Knowledge of letters confined to a few and re- 
garded as a magic art. 
(3). Roman letters introduced "with Christianity. 

f. Religion. 

(1.) Same gods as those worshipped in Germany and 
Scandinavia. 
~Note 18. This is indicated by English names of the days 
of the week. Tuesday (Tyr's day), Wednesday 
{Woden* s day), Friday (Frigga's day), etc. 
(2). Mythology and form of worship of the early 
English unknown. 
Note 19. The Teutonic religion seems to have been an 
extremely primitive superstition which had been out- 
grown long before Christianity was preached in the 
north. 

7. The Celtic Neighbors of England. 

a. Wales, including Shropshire and Herfordshire, until 

the middle of the 8th century. 
Note 20. The Celts of Wales were restless and warlike 
but were seldom united against the common enemy. 

b. West Wales (Cornwall and part of Devon). 

Note 21. This section was cut off from Wales by the 
victory of the Saxons at Deorham, 577. It was a 
rude and barbarous region having little connection 
with early English history. 



English History 11 

c. North Wales, comprising the western Lowlands of 

Scotland, with Cumberland and Westmoreland. 
Note 22. This section was cut off from Wales when Ches- 
ter was taken by the English, 613. 
(1). Not a political unity at this time, later the pow- 
erful British kingdom of Strathclyde. 

d. The wandering Gaelic savages of the eastern and 

northern Highland of Scotland who were known 
as Picts. 

Note 23. The Celts, at the beginning of the 7th century, 
were all Christians, and all except the Highland 
Picts retained some memory of Eoman civilization; 
but, cut off from the Christian world and confined 
by rugged mountains and desolate moors, they were, 
in some respects, more barbarous than the heathen 
English. The Celts and the English regarded each 
other with mutual contempt. 

8. The Civilizing of the English through the Introduction of 
Christianity. 

a. Survey of the situation. 

(1). Gaul, Spain, and Italy, as well as Britain, con- 
quered by German barbarians. 
Note 24. The conquerors of these provinces, unlike the 
English, were already Christians, familiar with the 
ideas of civilization and open to civilizing influences. 
(2). The Christian Church organization the most vig- 
orous institution in the later Eoman Empire and 
the most efficient protector of civilization during 
the barbarian conquests. 
(3). The universality of the Church kept alive the 
Eoman Empire in spirit for ages after it had 
ceased to exist in bodily form. 
(4). Organization of the Church. 

(a). Secular clergy who performed the services ol 
the Church for the laity. 



12 Outline Study of 

(b). Eegular clergy or monks, who devoted their 
lives wholly to religious contemplation and ex- 
ercises, 
(c). The Bishops or overseers of the Church, the 
Popes. 
1\ Gregory I. (Known as Saint Gregory), Pope 
of Eome, 590-604 : his energetic character ; his 
efforts to develop the primacy of the Eoman 
Church into an effective dominion over other 
churches ; his dream of a reunited Christian 
world. 
Suggestion 3. Eead the story of Pope Gregory and the 
English slaves. State its meaning. 

b. The Coming of Augustine, a Eoman monk, dispatched 

by Pof>e Gregory as missionary to the heathen 

English lands, 597. 
(1). The conversion of Ethelbert, King of Kent, and 

his people. 
(2). The rapid evangelization of the greater part of 

England. 
(3.) Attempt of Augustine and his disciples to induce 

the Celtic Christians to join "with the English 

converts in communion with Eome ; the attempt 

fails. 
{4). Heathen reaction; the Eoman clergy driven from 

Northumbria, 633. 
(5). Northumbria reconverted by the Celtic missiona- 
ries from the great monastery of Saint Columba 

in the island of Iona. 
(6). Contest between the Celtic and Eoman churches 

for the control of northern England settled in 

favor of Eome by King Oswy at the synod of 

Whitby, 664. 

c. Effect of the conversion of the English. 

(1). Adoption by the English of the Eoman civiliza- 
tion, including' what still existed of the Latin 
literature. 



English History 13 

(2). Admission of the English to commercial and dip- 
lomatic intercourse with the civilized Franks and 
Italians. 
Suggestion 4. What is meant by "Franks"? 

(3). Establishment of the monastic system through- 
out England. 
'Note 25. The monasteries served as centers, not only of 
learning, but of agriculture and industry as well. 
(4). Development of the idea of a common English 
nationality from the unity of the Church organi- 
zation in England. 

9* The English Kingdoms. 

a. Varying boundaries and degree of independence. 

b. The BreUvalda or chief king. 

c. Supremacy of Northumbria, 650-700; of Mercia, 725- 

800 ; of Wessex, after 825. 

d. King Egbert recognized as BretwaJda, after 830; 

sometimes reckoned as the first king of all Eng- 
land. 

JO* The Danish Invasion. 

a. Beginning of the Danish raids. 

(1). Origin and character of the people known to 
the English as Danes, and to continental Europe 
as Northmen. 

(2). Their heathenism, bold seamanship, reckless cour- 
age, and savage cruelty. 

b. The Danish Invasion. 

(1). Impelling motive of the movement. 

(a). Over population of the sterile North; love of 

adventure ; later, the desire for the luxuries of 

civilization and the attractions of mild climate 

and fertile soil. 
(2). England exposed to attack: — neglect of the sea 

and seacoast ; inefficiency of government ; lack of 



14 Outline Study of 

national spirit and co-operation for common de- 
fence. 
(3). The raids of Danish sea rovers in the reign of 
Egbert become actual invasions in the reign of 
Egbert's son, Mhelwolf, and his sons, 836-871. 
(a). East Anglia, the southern half of Northumbria, 
and the eastern half of Mercia became Danish 
lands, before 875. 
(b). Alfred, son of Ethehvolf, King of Wessex, at- 
tacked by a great Danish host, 876. 
1\ The defeated Danes forced to surrender to Al- 
fred, 878. 
(4). Treaty between the Danes and the English, after 
897 ; The Danes accept Christianity, and acknowl- 
edge Alfred as their over-lord. 
(5). The Danish Dominion. 

(a). Eecognition of Danish dominion in East Anglia, 

Mercia, and Northumbria. 
(b). The Danelagh: — East Anglia, the Five 
Boroughs, York. 
Note 26. A straight line drawn from Chester to the 
Thames at London will roughly represent the 
southern boundary of the Danelagh. 
(6). Most important result of the Danish invasions, 
(a). The development of an English nationality. 
Note 27. With the exception of a small English kingdom 
in Northumbria, north of the Tyne, all Englishmen, 
who had escaped subjection to the Danes, recognized 
Alfred, King of Wessex, as their sovereign. 

\ I* Alfred the Gfeat : His Character. 

(1). His military skill and his success in war; his 
greater success in arousing national spirit and 
enthusiasm ; his ability as an organizer of civil 
life ; his patronage of learning and literature ; 
his own literary work; his place in English lit- 
erature. 



English History 15 

J 2. Efforts of Alfred's successors, Edward, Athelstan, Edmund, and 
Erred to extend their sovereignty over the Danelagh, 
900-955. 

\ 3. End of the Political independence of the Danelagh, about 950. 

Note 28. The Danes adopted the English, language with 
some variations of dialect, and became Englishmen in 
name and national instinct. They preserved, however, 
many of their distinctive customs and laws and re- 
mained an active and influential element of the Eng- 
lish people. 

J4. Reign of Edgar, 959-975, the culmination of the power of the 
house of Alfred* 

a. Archbishop Dunstan Edgar's chief counsellor ; his 
enlightened statesmanship in Church and State. 

J 5. Confusion after the death of Edgar; Aethelred the Redeless, or the 
Uaready; meaning of the epithet, 

J6. Renewed Danish invasions; conquest of England by the Danish 
king, Sweyn. 

1 7. Defeat of Edmund Ironside, son of Aethelred, by Canute, son of 

Sweyn. 

18. Canute, King of England, J0J7-X035, 

a. His character ; his popularity in England. 

b. His vast empire (including England, Denmark, and 

Norway) in direct sovereignty, with overlordship 
far to the east and west. 

c. End of the Danish line with the deaths of the sons of! 

Canute, 1040-1042. 

19. England from the end of the Danish line to the Norman Conquest. 

a. Eestoration of the line of Alfred in the person of Ed- 

ward, son of Edmund Ironside. 

b. Reign of Edward (known in history as Edward the 

Confessor) , 1042-1066. 
(1). Character of Edward I. 



16 Outline Study of 

Note 29. Edward the "Confessor" was a crowned monk, 
respected only for his moral virtues and sincere 
piety. 

(2). The kingdom held for Edward by the three earls : 
Leofric of West Mercia, Siward of Northumbria, 
Godwin of Wessex. 

(3). Growing- influence of continental ideas in English 
politics ; increasing intercourse with the Nor- 
mans across the channel. 

III. THE NORMAN CONQUEST. 

J. The Normans in France; their origin; their enthusiastic adoption of 
Latin civilization; their energy and virility* 

a. The Duchy of Normandy ; its relation to the Norman 
race and to the French monarchy ; its situation, 
extent and neighbors. 

2. The Feudal System. 

a. Effect of the feudal system upon society. 

(1). Sharp division of classes; crushing burden of the 
military class on the agricultural and industrial 
population relieved somewhat by the institution 
of free towns. 
(2). Political effects of the Feudal System. 

(a). The king only one of many great lords in his 

kingdom, 
(b). The dukes and counts legally royal officers 
really independent sovereigns ; royal power over 
them merely nominal. 

3. Relations by marriage between the kings of England and the dukes 

of Normandy. 4$ 

Note 30. Edward the Confessor was, through his mother, 
a grandson of Eichard I, the third Duke of Norman- 
dy; William, the reigning Duke of Normandy after 
1035, was a great-grandson of Duke Eichard I. 



English History 17 

4. Harold* son of Earl Godwin ; his ascendency over King Edward; 

story of his oath of homage to Duke "William of Nor- 
mandy* 

5. Death of King Edward, J 066, without direct heirs. 

6. Harold, regent of the kingdom, immediately chosen king by the 

Witan. 

Suggestion 5. Explain the word "witan". 

Xote 31. The action of the witan amounted to nothing" 
more than a formal recognition of the fact that Har- 
old had made himself king. The male line of the de- 
scendants of Alfred was not extinct, and Harold had 
no other claim to the crown than the power to seize it. 

7. Duke "William of Normandy claims the throne of England as the 

next of kin, recognized as such by King Edward. 

a. Harold's oath of homage alleged as evidence that he 

had understood and accepted this arrangement. 

b. A great host assembled by William for the invasion 

of England. 

8. The Norman Conquest of England. 

a. Preliminary events. 

(1). Nature of William's army of invasion; nature of 
his position as its commander ; the profit sharing 
aspect of the enterprise. 
(2). William supported by the Pope and by the feudal 
princes generally. 
Xote 32. William and his knights were regarded as mis- 
sionaries of feudalism and Latin civilization to a land 
which an obsolete social system kept in unprogres- 
sive barbarism. 
(3). Tostig, Harold's brother, offers the crown of Eng- 
land to King Harold Hardrada of Norway, 
(a). Attack of Tostig and Harold Hardrada on the 
coast of Northumbria. 
(4). Threatened with invasion on two sides, the Eng- 



18 Outline Study of 

lish, as a whole, rally around the native King- 
Harold. 

(5). Tostig and Harold Hardrada defeated and slain 
by King Harold at Staniforcl Bridge, September 
25, 1066. 
b. The Norman Conquest. 

(1). William of Normandy with his army lands at 
Pevensey in Sussex, September 27, 1066. 

( 2 ) . Harold hastily marches south to meet the Nor- 
man invader ; the levies of Wessex join him but 
the northern earls are slow in gathering their 
forces. 

(3). The English army annihilated in the great Battle 
of Hastings; King Harold and his brothers slain, 
October 14, 1066. 

(4). Attempt of the witan to rally the English in sup- 
port of the Aetheling (Prince) Edgar, grand 
nephew of the "Confessor" ; refusal of the north- 
ern earls to fight for Edgar. 

(5). William enters London and is proclaimed king- by 
the witan, December 25, 1066. 

IV. THE FOREIGN MONARCHY. 
U William I. (The Conqueror.) 

a. Lived 1027—1087; reigned, 1066—1087. 

b. Title to the throne — conquest. 

Note 33. William was not only the founder of a new dy- 
nasty, but the first king of England in the sense in 
which the word "king" was understood by feudal 
lawyers and historians. 

c. Obstinate but disorganized resistance of the English 

to foreign domination. 

d. Conquest completed with the surrender of Hereward 

at Ely, 1071. 

e. Attitude of William towards the English. 

Note 34. Accustomed to the conditions of the continent, 



English History 19 

William regarded a people which supported no exclu- 
sive military class as essentially servile and bar- 
barous. 

f . Objects considered by William in the settlement of his 

Conquest. 

(1). The reward of his soldiers who regarded them- 
selves as partners in his enterprise. 

(2). The establishment in England of the feudal land 
tenure and the customs and laws which were 
based on it. 

Note 35. In common with all the practical statesmen of 
his time, William regarded the Feudal System as the 
only safe and sufficient basis for civilized society. 
(3). The firm establishment of the royal power as a 
guarantee of the permanence of his work. 

g. The Feudal System in England. 
(1). The confiscation of the land. 

Note 36. As the result of his Conquest, William pro- 
claimed himself the rightful owner of the soil of 
England. Whoever henceforth should hold land in 
England must hold it by grant from him. The titles 
of the great English landholders were cancelled and 
.their lands redistributed among the foreign soldiers 
to be held by feudal tenure. If an Englishman re- 
tained his land tf any part of itj he, like the foreigner 
accepted it as a grant from the king on the same 
condition of feudal tenure. 
(2). The principle of the feudal tenure. 
Note 37. That land was a loan to its possessor from his 
lord to be enjoyed by him on condition of his per- 
forming certain stipulated services. 
(3). Practical working of the feudal tenure in Eng- 
land. 
Note 38. A group of cultivators of the soil (churls or 
villeins) constituting a village, held their land of some 
soldier (knight or esquire), on conditions which made 



20 Outline Study of 

him, practically, their master and made them 
his serfs, differing" from slaves only in the fact 
that they were not chattels but went with the 
land. The soldier, with a number of others of his 
class, held lands from one of the king's barons, on 
condition of being always ready for military service, 
equipped with horse and armor and accompanied by 
armed followers of inferior grade. The baron, in 
turn, held his land from the king on condition of 
having a small army of knights and men-at-arms 
ready on call. 

Note 39. There were, of course, many variations of this 
scheme : — knights holding directly from the king ; 
knights' lands held for other than military service ; 
etc. 
(4). The effect of this system on society. 

(a). The whole country was brought under the dis- 
cipline of a military camp. 

Note 40. Failure in the service by which land was held 

meant the instant loss of the land and exposure to 

barbarous punishment which every baron or other 

chief, tenant of the crown, was empowered to indict. 

(5). Outlaws and the forests. 

Note 41. Much of the land of England at this time was 
incapable of cultivation by the methods then known. 
These wastes were generally wooded and well stocked 
with game. Dispossessed Englishmen who would not 
submit to the new order sought to maintain them- 
selves in such places by hunting and plunder. The most 
rigorous of the feudal regulations were designed to 
keep persons not belonging to the military class out 
of the forests. 

The struggle between the outlaws and the barons 
is reflected in the familiar story of Robin Hood. 
(6). Fate of the English under the Feudal System, 
(a). The lowest classes of freemen changed native 
for foreign masters : their burdens were in- 



English History 21 

creased ; they felt the full rigor of the stern dis- 
cipline involved in the new social order, 
(b). The higher class of freemen, who tilled a few 
acres of their own and regarded themselves as 
landholders, found no place in the feudal system ; 
they were reduced to the lower class of villeins. 
(c). Of the wealthy classes of Englishmen, those who 
were awarded land enough for the purpose, could, 
by adopting foreign language and manners, ob- 
tain recognition as members of the military 
class. 
*Notv 42. Those who could not or would not take this 
course were compelled to obtain the protection of 
some foreign soldier-baron on the best terms obtain- 
able. 

(d). From the higher nobility, the governing class, 
the English (after 1075) were absolutely ex- 
cluded. 
(7). The Church. 

(a). Church lands generally were exempted from 
the confiscation; but the English Church itself 
suffered a foreign conquest, foreign ecclesiastics 
replacing natives in all the higher offices as rapid- 
ly as was consistent with the dignity of the re- 
ligious profession. 
(8). Eoyal power. 
• (a). The weak point of the Feudal System was lack 
of central control of the strong social units it 
created. 
'Note 43. The reason for this lack of control may be 
stated as follows : — During the development of the sys- 
tem, the royal governors of provinces, dukes, counts, 
etc., succeeded in intercepting the service of the 
Karons under them, and thus made their offices their 
property, depriving the king of all real power over his 
nominal dominions, 
(b). Measures of William to prevent this process 



22 Outline Study of 

from being* repeated in the feudalization of Eng- 
land. 

"Note 44. The old English laws, unaffected by feudal 
ideas, were based on the primitive theory of the king- 
ship as the ultimate source of all authority ; conse- 
quently, William, while imposing the feudal laws on 
his English subjects, kept the English laws for him- 
self. Side by side with the feudal regulations which 
enforced the power of the superior over the inferior, 
he retained and developed the old English regulations 
which enforced the direct authority of the king over 
everybody, 
(c). Consequences of this use of royal power. 

~Note 45. The titles of duke and count, associated as 
these titles were, at the time, with the idea of territo- 
rial sovereignty were not conferred by William. His 
governors of provinces had to be content with the 
title, and, with two or three exceptions for purely 
military reasons, with the powers of the former Eng- 
lish earls. The English division of the country into 
shires was retained, and with it the shire courts and 
the judicial powers of the sheriffs. 

William's sheriffs were, of course, foreigners ; but, 
as the purpose of their office was to uphold the royal 
authority, they administered in their courts the Eng- 
lish common law which recognized no exemptions 
from the king's justice. 

Note 46. It must not be supposed that these measures 
were always and under all circumstances effective 
against the arrogance and strength of great feudal 
lords. The king could not pull a baron out of his 
castle without the aid of a military force which he 
could obtain only by calling on other barons. But 
asFPrtion of independence by powerful barons was, 
in England, never distinguished from rebellion. 

h. The Domesday Booh. 

"Note 47. In 1085-1086, a royal survey was held to deter- 



English History 23 

mine just what disposition of the land of England 
had been made as a consequence of the Conquest. 
The original record of this survey, known as the 
Domesday Book, is still preserved in the public record 
office in London. 

i. William's last years. 

(1). His wars in Normandy against his eldest son Bob 

ert and King Philip of France. 
(2). His death at Rouen in Normandy, 1087. 

William II. (William Rufus.) 

a. Lived 1059-1100; reigned 1087-1100. 

b. Title to the throne — second surviving son of William 

the Conqueror. 
(1). William I, at his death, gave to William Rufus 
the kingdom of England and to his elder brother, 
Robert, the duchy of Normandy. 

c. Character of William Rufus. 

(1). His coarseness and brutality. 

d. Wars waged by William Rufus. 

(1). With rebellious barons, 1087-1095. 

(a). Result — supremacy of the crown maintained. 
(2). With Robert of Normandy, 1088-1096. 

(a). Result — Normandy united to the crown of Eng- 
land. 
(3). With Scotland. 

(a). Result — conquest of Cumberland and West- 
moreland. 

e. Financial difficulties : oppressive and illegal taxation : 

quarrels with the Church. 
(1). Appropriations of the revenues of vacant bishop- 

rics. 
(2). Dispute with Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, 

as to whether the Pope, as head of the Church, 

or the King of England was the overlord of the 

lands of the English Church. 



24 Outline Study of 

(3). Banishment of Anselm. 
f. Accidental death of William while hunting 1 in the 

"New Forest." 

3. Henry I. (Beauclerk.) 

a. Lived 1068-1135; reigned 1100-1135. 

b. Title to the throne. 

(1). The youngest son of William the Conqueror, he 
outwitted and outfought his older brother, Rob- 
ert of Normandy. 

(2). At the death of William II, Henry bought, with 
the royal treasure, the acquiescence of the sur- 
rounding barons in his seizure of the crown. 

(3). Secured the support of the Church and of the in- 
terests opposed to feudalism by a proclamation 
promising redress of grievances and the mainte- 
nance of the English "Laws of Edward. 4 " 

c. Events in the reign of Henry I. 
(1). Archbishop Anselm recalled. 

(2). Henry marries a princess of the old English line, 
thd sister of the king of Scotland. 
Note 48. This princess was, through her mother, the 
great-grand-daughter of the English king, Edmund 
Ironside, and niece of Edgar the "Atheling" who had 
been a claimant of the English crown against Wil- 
liam the Conqueror. Through her, all subsequent 
kings of England, except Stephen of Blois, down to 
the present day have traced their descent to Alfred 
and the early kings of Wessex. 
(3). Henry buys off his brother Eobert, allowing him 

to retain Normandy, 1101. 
(4). Puts down feudal rebellion in England. 
(5). Attacks Eobert and recovers the domain of Nor- 
mandy at the Battle of Teuchbrai, 1106. 
(6). Compromise with the Church. 

(a). The Church to elect its own bishops and ab- 
bots. 



English History 25 

(b). The king to be entitled to feudal homage for 
Church lands. 
(7). The beginnings of the English administrative sys- 
tem. 
(a). The curia regis or royal council: its functions 

as a supreme court. 
(b). The itinerant commissioners of the curia, as 
circuit judges, assume the judicial functions of 
sheriff in the shire courts, 
(c) . The Court of the Exchequer : its supervision over 
the royal revenue gradually extended to cogni- 
zance of financial and commercial transactions 
generally. 
(8). Beginnings of mercantile life in England. 
'Note 49. There was no protection for the merchant or 
artisan in the middle ages except as he procured it 
for himself ; and seeking for protection ordinarily 
implied more sacrifice of personal independence than 
a merchant or an artisan could afford. Consequently 
such people formed associations and offered joint ser- 
vice to the king or other protecting power. These 
associations were encouraged by enlightened princes 
and tacitly permitted to frame laws and regulations 
for the government of their members. The union of 
a number of such associations around a cathedral 
church made a "town." 
(9). Death of Henry's only son, William, in ship- 
wreck, 1120. 
(10.) Marriage of Henry's only daughter, Matilda, to 

Geoffrey, Duke of Anjou : her children. 
(11). Aversion of the Norman barons to the rule of a 
woman or a child : traditional enmity between 
Normans and Angevins (the people of Anjou). 
(12). Sudden death of Henry I, 1135, 

4. Stephen of Blois. 

a. Lived 1197-1154 : reigned (under disturbed conditions) 
1135-1154. 



26 Outline Study of 

b. Title to the throne (disputed). 

(1). Grandson, through his mother, of William the 
Conqueror. 

(2). Elected by the barons and bishops. 

Note 50. Stephen was chosen from among- their own 
number by the barons in the belief that he would 
prove merely a feudal overlord and not an English 
king as his grandfather and uncles had been. 

c. Events in Stephen's reign. 

(1). Immediate dissolution of the Norman-English 
kingdom into its feudal elements : earldoms, bar- 
onies, and bishoprics, 
(a). Consequent turbulence and devastating petty 
wars. 

(2). Vain attempt of Stephen to maintain the royal 
authority by means of mercenary soldiers. 

(3). Eobert, Earl of Gloucester, the most powerful of 
the English barons, proclaims Matilda, daughter 
of Henry I, Queen of England, 1139. 

(4). Civil war added to feudal anarchy for the re- 
mainder of Stephen's reign. 

(5). Conquest of Normandy by Matilda's husband, 
Geoffrey of Anjou, in the name of his wife and 
son, 1144. 
(6). Henry, son of Geoffrey and Matilda, acknowledged 
by Stephen as his heir, 1150. 

(7). Death of Stephen, 1154. 

d. Summary of Stephen's reign. 

Note 51. Stephen's reign was long ?emembered by all 
classes in England as an example of the evils of un- 
checked feudalism. In those evil days, the barons 
themselves learned to appreciate the system of Wil- 
liam the Conquerer which subordinated feudal inde- 
pendence to the law of the realm. 



English History 27 

Henry IL (Plantagenet.) 

a. Lived 1133-1189: reigned 1154-1189. 

b. Title to the throne. 

(1). Grandson, through his mother, of Henry I. 

c. Dominions already in Henry's possession at the time 

of his accession to the English throne. 
(1). DuTce of Normandy, 1150; DuJce of Anjou and Tou- 
raine, 1151; Duke of Aquitaine, Poitou, and Gas- 
cony, 1152 (in right of his wife). 

d. Events in the reign of Henry II. 

(1). Promptly restores in England the political sys- 
tem of William the Conqueror and the adminis 
trative organization of Henry I. 
(2). Henry's continental ambitions and wars. 
(3). Taxation. 

(a). The system of scutage or tax in commutation 
of feudal service. 

(b). Tallages or arbitrary taxation of commerce. 

(c). Other forms of irregular taxation. 
(4). Henry's quarrel with the Church. 

(a). Chief point of the controversy: — the claim of 
the Church courts to exclusive jurisdiction over 
all persons connected with the clerical profes- 
sion. 

(b). Thomas BecJcet, Archbislwp of Canterbury; 
his character and early career ; reasons for per- 
sonal animosity between King Henry and Becket. 

(c). The Constitutions of Clarendon; nature of this 
edict ; reasons for the opposition of the clergy ; 
ultimate fate of the Constitutions. 

(d). Eepudiation by Becket of the authority of the 
king's courts over ecclesiastics ; Becket takes 
refuge on the continent and excommunicates the 
king's ministers, 1166. 

(e). King Henry's eldest son crowned as his father's 
colleague by the Archbishop of York. 



,28 Outline Study of 

Note 52. This act constituted an invasion of the rights 
of Becket as primate of England. 
;(f). In Henry's absence, Becket returns to Canter- 
bury and excommunicates the Bishops of London 
and Salisbury. 
((g). Murder of Becket by knights of Henry's house- 
hold : his posthumous career as Saint Thomas of 
Canterbury, 
((hi)-. General belief that Henry instigated the mur- 
der of Becket ; compelled to purchase peace with 
the Church by surrender on the question of the 
rights of his courts over ecclesiastics, 1772. 
e(5). Alliance of Henry's wife and sons with his enemy, 

the King of France. 
C(6). Feudal rebellion in England, 1173-1174. 

(a). The towns and the smaller landholders firmly 

support the king, 
(b). Successful defence by Henry of his vast do- 
minions. 
(7). Last years of Henry's reign: his death. 
*€. Permanent results in English History of the reign of 
Henry II. ? 

^1). Final separation of the executive and judicial 
functions of government by the establishment of 
the "Court of King's Bench" within the curia 
regis aid by the development of the system of it- 
inerant justices. 
(2). The establishment of the principle (not the mod- 
ern practice) of trial by jury instead of the bar- 
barous trials by ordeal or duel of the old English 
laws. 
(3). The establishment of the principle that all sub- 
jects of the king owed him service and might 
look to him for protection regardless of feudal 
relations. 
Note 53. This principal was part of the Conqueror's the- 
ory of government. The organization of the shire 



English History 29' 

courts under the itinerant justices made it effective 
to the detriment and ultimate destruction of feudal 
power. 

6, Richard I. (Coeur de Lion.) 

a. Lived 1157-1199; reigned 1189-1199. 

b. Title to the throne. 

(1). Eldest surviving' son of Henry II. 

c. Character of Richard : reasons for his fame in poetry 

and romance : his military ability and love of 
war : disregard of his non-military subjects ex- 
cept as revenue producers. 

d. Eichard and the Crusades. 

(1). The Crusade of Richard; reckless financial meas- 
ures in furtherance of this project. 
(2). The captivity of Richard; cause of his imprison- 
ment ; enormous ransom demanded for his release. 
(a). Financial expedients for raising the money; 
origin of the system of taxation of moveable 
property. 
(3). England practically kingless during the ten years 
of Richard's reign ; his able ministers ; their pol- 
icy of framing definite administrative regulations 
after consultation with the interests concerned. 
Note 54. The regulations drawn up for the guidance of 
the public officials of this period, the voluminous 
records they were forced to keep, and the arguments 
by which they justified their actions serve as a defi- 
nite beginning for English administrative history. 

V* THE AWAKENING OF NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS. 
!• John. 

a. Lived 1167-1216; reigned, 1199-1216. 

b. Title to the throne — the last surviving son of Henry 

II (This title was disputed until 1203.) 

c. Character of John — weak, cowardly, mean, >and 

treacherous. 



30 Outline Study of 

(1). Effect of his moral defects on his career as king, 
d. History of John's reign. 

(1). Growing discontent in the continental dominions 
of the kings of England : its causes. 
(a). Gradual development of a feeling of French 

nationality, 
(b). Eespect for the character and ability of Phiilp 

Augustus, King of France, 
(c). Discontent in the scattered dominions of the 
Plantagenet kings with the rule of foreign gov- 
ernors and mercenary soldiers. 
(2). Arthur of Brittany, son of John's deceased elder 
brother Geoffrey. 

(a). His claim as the heir of Eichard; his claim 
generally supported by the Norman and Angevin 
barons ; secretly aided by Philip Augustus, 
(b). Seizure of Arthur by John; his murder, 1202. 
Suggestion 6. Explain the terms, Norman king, Angevin 
king, Plantagenet kings. 
(3). Normandy, Anjou, and Poitou seized by the King 
of France, 1204 ; only Guienne and southern 
Aquitaine left to John from the vast continental 
dominions of his father, 
(a). Consequences to England of the loss to her 
kings of their continental dominions. 
Note 55. The great barons were compelled to choose 
between their English and their continental estates? 
Those who chose to retain their English lands were 
cut off from connection with France, and their de- 
scendants became Englishmen ; while the kings of 
England were compelled, henceforth, to make Eng- 
land their home, since Guienne and Aquitaine were 
of too little importance and were too far away to be 
honored by frequent royal visits. France was now 
a great power animated by a vigorous national spirit. 
The kings of England were forced to encourage man- 
ifestations of English national spirit as a counter- 
poise. 



English History 31 

(4). Quarrel with the Church: its cause. 

(a). A dispute between the king and the olergy of 
the diocese of Canterbury over the election of an 
archbishoj) was terminated by the Pope who 
declared a nominee of his own to be the rightful 
prelate, 1206. 

(b). The interdict; suspension of religious services 
by order of the Pope. 

(c). John retaliates by confiscating the Church 
property. 
Note 56. At this period, the discontent of the English 

Church and the baronage was kept down by martial 

law enforced by mercenary soldiers. 

(d). The Pope declares John deposed and his king- 
dom given to King Philip of France : prepares to 
invade England, 1213. 

(e) . Abject submission of John : the Pope's nomi- 
nee, Stephen Langton, recognized as Archbishop 
of Canterbury : Church property restored. 

(f). The Pope formally acknowledged by John as 
his feudal overlord, 1213. 

(g) . The interdict removed. 
(5.). Preparations of the King of France for the inva- 
sion of England stopped. 
(6). Kef u sal of the barons to support John in an in- 
vasion of Normandy. 
(7). With his mercenary soldiers, John supports the 
German emperor and other princes in war against 
the King of France. 

(a). Victory of the King of France at Bouvines, 
July, 1214. 

(b). John returns to England in defeat. 
(8). Kevolt of the barons, 1215. 

(a). The barons occupy London and besiege John 
in Windsor (May). 

(b). Surrender of John by acceptance of the "Great 
Charter" (Magna Carta), June 15, 1215. 



32 Outline Study of 

(9). The Great Charter of 1215; its significance in 
English history. 
Note 57. The Great Charter was a compact between 
King John and his barons, covering certain specific 
points most of which were of merely temporary im- 
portance, seme even trivial. Its importance lies in the 
fact that the barons made their demands not as a 
feudal class, but as the representatives of the people 
of England, peeking to limit the rights of their king 
over their persons and property. 

The Great Charter was the first recognition by the 
kings of England of the political rights of the Eng- 
lish nation ; consequently it served as a precedent and 
model for all future assertions of the rights of the 
nation against abuse of the regal power, 
(a). English political institutions first formulated 
in the Great Charter. 
1\ The principle of the consent of parliament in 
matters of taxation. 
Note 58. The actual form in which this consent was 
subsequently asked and granted cannot, however, be 
derived from the provisions of the charter. 

2 1 . The King's Court of Justice fixed at Westmin- 
ster. 
Note 59. This provision involved the separation of the 
judicial administration from the king's person. 

3 1 . Trial by jury : no second trial for the same of- 
fense : no extortion of money under pretext of 
judicial fine : the definite legalization of the f ree- 
. dom of towns by charter. 
(10). Efforts of John to escape from his promises and 

from the tutelage of the barons. 
(11). Renewed civil war. 

(a). The barons renounce allegiance to John and 
offer the crown of England to Louis, eldest son 
of the King of France. 



English History 33 

Note 60. The offer was made in right of Louis's wife, 
Blanche of Castile, a granddaughter of Henry II. 
(12). Death of John in the field against the barons and 
their French allies, Oct. 19, 1216. 

2. Hear/Hi. 

a. Lived 1207-1272: reigned 1216-1272. 

b. Title to the throne — eldest son of King John. 

c. Collapse of the party of Louis of France on the death 

of John : defeat of the insurgent barons and 
their French allies by William Marshall, Earl of 
Pembroke, regent for the boy king. 
(1). Louis leaves England, Oct., 1217. 

d. Slow recovery of England from the evils of misgov- 

ernment. The great chief justices, William Mar- 
shall and Hubert de Burgh, 1217-1232. 

e. Character of Henry III — weak, visionary, and unreli- 

able ; but refined and intellectual. 
Note 61. The design of Westminster Abbey is a monu- 
ment to the artistic taste of King Henry III. 

f . Predilection of Henrjr for continental civilization : his 

dreams of recovering the continental possessions 
of his house ; his foreign advisers and favorites. 

g. Chief events of Henry's reign. 

(1). Heavy taxes requisite for the support of Henry's 
foreign schemes, 
(a). Charters and privileges granted to towns in re- 
turn for financial favors. 
(2). Frequent assembling of the "Great Council" or 
Parliament of the barons. 
Note 62. The consent of this parliament to revenue laws 
was essential under the terms of the Great Charter. 
(3). The development of this council of the barons 
into a national assembly by summoning, with the 
barons, certain "Knights of the Shire" : as repre- 



34 Outline Study of 

sentatives of landholders not of baronial rank 
(after 1253). • 
(4). The cosmopolitan imperial policy of the king op- 
posed by an insular English policy favored by the 
great majority of the barons. 
(5). Simon dc Mont fort, Earl of Leicester, leader of 
the opposition to the king's policy : his character 
and origin. 
fote 63. The fact that a French baron could assume the 
leadership of the national party in England is evi- 
dence that as yet there was no distinction of lan- 
guage or other racial characteristics between the 
barons who adhered to the kings of England and 
those in the service of the kings of France. 
(6). The "Mad Parliament'''' and the "Provisions of 
Oxford", 1258. 

(a). King Henry submits to reign as a mere pup- 
pet in the hands of a committee of the barons 
headed by Montfort. 
(7). The "Provisions of Westminster". 

(a). The definite substitution of the King's Courts 
for the feudal courts in the trial of civil suits of 
importance. 
(8). Attempt of Henry to escape from his bondage 
through the aid of the Pope and the King of 
France. 
(9) Civil war, 1265. 

(a). Battle of Lewes: victory of Montfort: recap- 
ture of the king. 
(10). Attempts of Montfort to gain support outside 
of the baronage, 
(a). The citizens of the towns summoned to send 
representatives to parliament, 1265. 
(11). Prince Edivard, eldest son of Henry: his char- 
acter and abilities, 
(a). Puts himself at the head of the barons opposed 
to Montfort. 



English History 35 

(b). Montfort defeated and slain by the army of 
Prince Edward at Evesham, Aug. 4, 1265. 

(12). Guardianship of the king by the barons con- 
tinued in a less oppressive form after the death 
of Montfort. 

(13). Prince Edward's crusade. 

(14). Death of King Henry, Nov., 1272. 

3. The English Nation at the Close of the Thirteenth Century. 

a. Social Divisions. 

(1). The Barons or Lords, the Nobility of England. 
Note 64. The nobility of England, at this period, was 
still French in race, language, and habits of thought, 
though intensely national, politically. 
(2). The Clergy. 

(a). Regular Clergy, the Monastic Orders. 
I 1 . Benedictine, Cistercian, Augustinian Monks. 
2 1 . Franciscan and Dominican Friars. 
(b). The Secular Clergy (ivho administered the 
rites of religion to the people). 
I 1 . Ranks of the Secular Clergy : — Archbishop, 
Bishops, Priests. 
Note 65. Very few Englishmen attained high office in 
-the Church at this period. 

(c). Education and learning a monopoly of the 
clerical orders. 
I 1 . The Universities or Church schools at Oxford 

and Cambridge ; their curriculum. 
2 1 . Logic, or the art of systematic reasoning, the 

most valued branch of study. 
3 1 . Roger Bacon and the beginnings of experi- 
mental science. 
(3). The Commons. {Men of wealth and influence be- 
loiv the rank of baron). 
(a). The smaller feudal tenants of the crown or of 

the great barons, 
(b) . The merchants and manufacturers of the 



36 Outline Study of 

towns, who were politically and commercially 
powerful, not as individuals but as members of 
corporations. 

Note 66. The two divisions of the commons were still 
separated by a wide gulf, socially. The small land- 
holders were of the same race, language, and cus- 
toms as the barons, while the townsmen were mostly 
English in race and language, though many of their 
leaders were French or other continentals. 
(4). The Villeins or Serfs. (The tillers of the soil, 
the toiling masses). 
Note 67. These people, whether living directly by the 
wages of their labor, or holding land of their own on 
some kind of tenure, were bound, by the feudal law 
of personal service, to the soil of the manor on which 
they lived. The lord of the manor was entitled to 
the personal service of his villeins, in tilling his own 
fields; and, at this period, this obligation was rigor- 
ously exacted. 

The villeins were wholly of English race, 
b. Languages. 

(1). Latin, the universal language of western civili- 
zation, exclusively the language of religion and 
learning. 
(2). French, the language of the court, of the nobil- 
ity and feudal classes. It was also the official 
language of the law courts and of commerce. 
(3). English, the language of the villeins and the or- 
dinary language of the towns. 
(a). Meaning of the term Middle English: how dif- 
ferent from the Old English of Alfred? How 
different from Modern English? 
(b). Dialects of Middle English: Northern, South- 
ern, Midland. 
(c). Literary works in Middle English: — The Ormu- 
lum (1200) ; Lay of HaveloJc (1250). 



English History 37 

4o Edward I. 

a. Lived 1239 — 1307; reigned 1272—1307. 

b. Title to the throne — eldest son of Henry III. 

Note 68. The succession was undisputed and there was 
no "break in the administration, although King Ed- 
ward did not appear in England for nearly two 
years after his accession to the throne. 

This fact is important as showing that at this 
early period, the king's government had no need of 
the personal intervention of the king. 

c. His character. — Grave, cautious, statesmanlike, up- 

right. 
Note 69. King Edward I was one of the few really great 
men in the list of English kings. 

(d.) His military genius: the founder of the mili- 
tary reputation of the English nation. 
e. Statutes of Edward I which have moulded all subse- 
quent English legislation. 
(1). Statute of Westminster, 1275, establishing cus- 
toms duties on imports and exports as the ordi- 
nary revenue of the crown. 
(2). Statute of Gloucester or quo warranto, 1278, de- 
fining for all time the limit of baronial privilege. 
(3). Statute of Mortmain, 1279, checking the accumu- 
lation of landed property in the "dead hand" of 
the Church. 
(4). Statute of Winchester, 1285, organizing a na- 
tional militia. 
,(5). The Statute quia emptores, 1290, limiting feudal 
rights and privileges to persons actually in pos- 
session of land. 
Note 70. This statute had the effect of arresting the de- 
velopment of the military class into a military caste. 
(6). The confirmatio cartarum, 1297, establishing the 
principle of no taxation without the consent of 
parliament. 



38 Outline Study of 

f. The Model Parliament of 1295. (Embodying the 

theory of the English parliament down to the 
middle of the nineteenth century.) 
(1). Every baron and lord a seat in parliament in his 

own right. 
(2). Knights of the shire as representatives of feudal 

classes below the rank of baron. 
(3). Elected representatives of the mercantile towns. 
(4). Churchmen in a separate assembly organized un- 
der the laws of the Church. 
Note 71. It must be remembered that parliament at this 
period was merely a tax assessing body. Its influence 
on legislation was limited to bargaining with the 
crown for redress of grievances as the price of a 
money supply. 

g. Events in the reign of Edward I. 
(1). Conquest of Wales: Llewellyn. 
(2). Conquest of Scotland. 

(a). Condition of the Scottish kingdom. 

(b). Customary homage of the kings of Scotland 
to the kings of England. 

(c). Death of King Alexander III without direct 
heirs, 1286. 

(d). Attempt of Edward to unite the crowns of Scot- 
land and England by marriage between his son 
and Alexander's granddaughter, "the maid of 
Norway": death of the "maid". 

(e). Contest for the crown between two noblemen: 
John Baliol and Robert Bruce. 
Note 72. Neither of these noblemen could allege more 
than a shadowy right to the crown. 

(f). The dispute submitted to Edward as arbiter. 

(g). Baliol made King of Scotland by Edward on 
his promise to act as a vassal of the English 
crown. 

(h) . Rebellion of Baliol ; invasion and complete con- 



English History 39 

quest of the civilized portions of Scotland by- 
Edward, 1296. 

(i). Brave but futile uprising of Wallace, 1297- 
1305. 

(j). Robert Bruce (son of the claimant) assumes 
the crown of Scotland and the leadership of the 
national party, 1306. 

(k). Desolating- partisan war in Scotland. 
- (3). Death of Edward while directing operations at 
Carlisle, 1307. 

Edward II. 

a. Lived 1284—1327; reigned 1307-1327. 

b. Title to the throne : — eldest surviving son of Ed- 

ward I. 

c. Personal character of Edward II. — Weak and worth- 

less. 

d. Events in the reign of Edward II. 

(1). The army, assembled by Edward I for the recov- 
ery of Scotland, broken up and the scattered 
English garrisons in that country left to their 
fate. 

(2). Incapacity of the king for business; ascendency 
of favorites ; Piers Gaveston practically regent, 
1307-1312. 

(3). Opposition of the barons headed by Thomas, 
Earl of Lancaster, the king's cousin, 
(a). Gaveston captured by the insurgent barons and 
put to death, 1312. 

(4). The guardianship of the king assumed by a com- 
mittee of the barons under the title of "Lords 
Ordainers." 

(5). Desolating war in Scotland and the north of Eng- 
land, 
(a). The English garrisons in Scotland yield to 

Bruce. 
(b). Edward and the Lords Ordainers invade Scot- 



40 Outline Study of 

land with, a great army for the relief of the 
English garrison in Stirling, 1314. 
I 1 . This army decisively defeated by Bruce at Ban- 
nocJcburn, June 24, 1314. 
<c) Bruce follows up his success by the capture of 
Berwick, 1314 and by ravaging the north of Eng- 
land, 
(d). Edward Bruce, the brother of Bobert, pro- 
claimed by the Irish, King of Ireland, 13 15 ; 
ravages the north and west of Ireland ; is de- 
feated at Dundalk, 1318; truce with Scotland, 
1319. 

(6). Quarrels among the Lords Ordainers; Edward's 
favorite, Hugh Despenser, forms a party to free 
the king from his humiliating position, 1320- 
1321. 

(7). Civil war; the king and the two Despensers, 
father and son, victorious over the barons at 
Boroughbridge ; Thomas of Lancaster taken 
prisoner and beheaded, 1322. 

(8). Beign of the Despensers; their harshness and 
greed; opposition of Queen Isabella, 
(a). Queen Isabella compelled to take refuge with 

her brother, the king of France, 
(b). Queen Isabella returns to England accom- 
panied by her son, Edward's heir, and an army 
commanded by Boger, Lord Mortimer, 1326. 
(c). The barons rally to the support of the queen; 
the Despensers taken prisoners and executed ; 
King Edward forced to abdicate in favor of his 
young son, January, 1327. 

(9). Murder of Edward at Berkeley Castle, Septem- 
ber, 1327. 

VI. THE PERIOD OF THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR. 

U Edward IIL 

a. Lived 1312-1377; reigned 1327-1377. 

b. Title to the throne — eldest son of Edward II. 



English History 41 

c. Three years' regency of Queen Isabella and Lord 

Mortimer, 1327—1330. 
(1). Peace with Scotland; recognition of Robert Bruce 
as king of Scotland, 1328. 

d. Edward, by a stroke of personal energy and daring, 

sends his mother into retirement and Mortimer 
to the block, 1330. 

e. Character of Edward III. — Capable, vigorous, and en- 

terprising ; a strong ruler but a careless adminis- 
trator ; his ambition to realize the ideal of chiv- 
alry ; war the business of his life. 
Note 73. In the reign of Edward III, constitutional pro- 
gress was the price of national support for his for- 
eign wars. 

f. Victorious but futile campaigns in Scotland after 

the death of Eobert Bruce, 1332-1339. 
(1). Results of the Scottish wars. 

(a). Mutual respect of English and Scots for each 
other's military prowess. 

(b). Development and training of the military sys- 
tem and forces of England. 

g. Beginning of the Hundred Years' War with France. 
(1). The Causes. 

(a). Jealousy of the French regarding the conti- 
nental connections of England, 
(b). Bise of English commerce. 
I 1 . The dominions of King Edward in France. 
'Note 74. The kings of England still held the greater part 
of Aquitaine, heritage of Eleanor, wife of Henry II. 
The most valuable portion of this dominion was the 
region about the mouth of the river Garonne. This 
country, known to the English as Guienne, supplied 
through the busy seaport of Bordeaux, the court and 
nobility of England with wanes and other products of 
the south, a commerce which enriched the merchants 
of England as well as those of Aquitaine. 



42 Outline Study of 

2\ Danger to this commerce to be feared from 
France ; intrigues with the volatile and irre- 
sponsible lords of Aquitaine. 
3\ The Low Countries ; connection of England and 
Flanders. 
Note 75. Flanders was legally a duchy of the kingdom 
of France ; actually, it was an independent state 
dominated by French influence over its reigning 
house. Hainault, Brabant, and Holland were duchies 
of the German Empire. 

The people of the Low Countries lived mainly by 
the manufacture of cloth. They were obliged to import 
practically all their raw material, and England pro- 
duced great quantities of wool for export. The re- 
sulting commerce became the dominant factor in the 
economic prosperity of both countries. 
(2). Events leading up to the Hundred Years' War. 
(a). Feudal attacks through the dukes of Flanders 

on the liberties of the Flemish towns, 
(b). Piratical attacks from coast towns of Nor- 
mandy and Brittany, etc. on sea-borne commence, 
(c) . These dangers emphasized by a declaration of 
King Philip VI, declaring the Aquitanian domin- 
ions of the kings of England forfeited to the 
French crown ; attack by a French fleet on the 
south coast of England, 1337. 
(d). An attack on France consequently regarded as 
a sound defensive policy by all classes in Eng- 
land, 
(e). Assumption by Edward of the title King of 
France, 1337. 
Note 76. Edward's mother, Queen Isabella, was the sis- 
ter of King Charles IV of France, who died, leaving no 
direct male heirs. Queen Isabella, who was still liv- 
ing, was barred from the succession by the old 
Frankish customs {the Salic Law) which forbade the 
succession of a woman to the crown of France. The 



English History 43 

lawyers employed by Edward, however, maintained 
that a woman could transmit to her male heirs a 
right of succession which she could not herself enjoy 
and that Edward was nearer akin to Charles IV than 
the cousin who was crowned King of France as 
Philip VI. 

I 1 . The towns of Flanders recognized Edward as 
the true overlord ; defied their duke who adhered 
to Philip VI; and, under the leadership of Jacob 
van Artevelde, a citizen of Ghent, formed an alli- 
ance with Edward. 
2 1 . The Emperor of Germany recognized Edward 
as King of France and allowed the towns and 
feudal lords of Hainault and Brabant to ally 
themselves with Edward and the people of 
Flanders. 
(3). Events of the Hundred Years' War. 

(a). Indecisive campaigns of Edward and his Low 
Country allies in northern France, 1339-1340 ; de- 
struction of the French fleet off Sluys by Ed- 
ward with the ships of the English seaport 
towns, June 24, 1340— the first naval victory of 
the English nation. 
(b). Campaign in Brittany, 1342; the sea fortress 

of Brest in Edward's hands, 
(c). Plundering raid of Edward into Normandy, 
1346; great victory at Crecy, August 26, 1342, 
won by the English bowmen. 
Note 77. This battle was the foundation of the military 
reputation of the English nation. 
(d). Calais taken by siege, 1347; importance of the 
possession of Calais to the subsequent history of 
England. 
Note 78. Calais is only about thirty miles distant from 
Dover on the south coast of England. So long as the 
kings of England held both these fortresses, they 



44 Outline Study of 

commanded the sea passage between them. Thus 

the "narrow seas" became the English Channel. 

(e). Attempt of the French king to effect a diver- 
sion by alliance with Scotland ; David of 
Scotland defeated and taken prisoner at 
Nevilles Cross, October 17, 1346. 
Suggestion 6. At this point, study the following special 

topics: (1). Fame of Edward as a statesman, a 

general, and as a model and patron of chivalry; (2) 

Windsor Castle; (3) the Order of the Garter; (4) 

the Chronicle of Froissart ; its picture of the life of 

the military classes of Europe at this' period. 
(4). The Truce of the Black Death, 1347-1355. 

(a). Nature of the pestilence; its terrible ravages. 
J$ote 79. This pestilence (the Bubonic Plague) is said to 

have swept away one-third of the population of 

England. 

(b) . Economic effects of the pestilence ; dearth of 
laborers ; consequent rise of prices. 

(c). Improvement in the condition of the villeins 
in consequence of competition for their services 
as laborers ; impossibility of enforcing obliga- 
tions of the villeins to feudal service. 

(d). Efforts to regulate the price of labor by law; 
the Statute of Laborers, 1351; futility of this 
law owing to lack of means of enforcement. 
ISfote 80. This difficulty was finally solved by commut- 
ing feudal services for money payment and by 

assigning to laborers who would not work for wages 

land to farm at a fixed rental. 
(5). The war renewed. 

(a). Evident military superiority of the English; 
raids of Edward, Prince of Wales (the Black 
Prince) in Languedoc, and of his younger 
brother, John of Gaunt, in northern France, 
1355 ; raid of the Black Prince to the Loire, 1536 ; 
victory of the Black Prince at Poitiers, Septem- 



English History 45 

ber 19, 1556; the French knights scattered and 
King John of France taken prisoner. 
(b). Negotiations for peace with the captive King 
John; King Edward marches from Calais almost 
to the gates of Paris, 1359; Truce of Bretujny, 
Peace of Calais, October, 1360. 
(6). Eesults of the war. 
(a). Military results. 

I 1 . The enlargement of Edward's Aquitainian do- 
minions to include fully half of France south of the 
Loire. The fortresses of Calais and Brest on the 
coast, and the county of Ponthieu in northern 
France ceded to Edward. 
2\ The fiction of feudal sovereignty of the French 
crown over the French dominions of the king of 
England abolished. 
(b). Economic and social results. 
I 1 . Danger to English commerce from French 

jealousy dispelled. 
2\ Patriotic pride in great military achievements 
in which all classes of the English nation had 
participated influential in welding the racially 
distinct classes into one people, 
h. Events from 1360-1377. 

(1). The Black Prince made Sovereign Duke of 
Aquitaine. 
(a). His needless and disastrous campaign in Spain, 
1367; loss of his best soldiers; his own health 
impaired. 
(2). General rebellion in Aquitaine, north of the Ga- 
ronne, 1368-1370. 
(a). The Black Prince and John of Gaunt driven to 
the coast by King Charles V of France; allied 
French and Spanish fleet attack English com- 
merce in the Bay of Biscay. 
(3). Eeturn of the Black Prince to England, 1371; 
continued French victories; the Truce of 



4.6 Outline Study of 

Bruges, January, 1375 ; only Calais and the 
coast from Bordeaux to Bayonne left to the 
English. 
(4). Misery of the last years of Edward III; con- 
tinued illness of the Black Prince ; incapacity of 
John of Gaunt; his alliance with the greedy and 
unscrupulous favorites who controlled the king. 
(5). The "good parliament", 1376; its patriotic ef- 
forts for reform frustrated by the death of the 
Black Prince, 1376, and by the opposition of John 
of Gaunt. 
(6). Death of King Edward, 1377. 
i. Condition of the country at this period. 

(1). Great social change during the first half of the 
fourteenth century, 
(a). Obliteration of the sharp social distinction be- 
tween the two classes of the commons, the minor 
military tenants of the crown and the great mer- 
chants of the towns. 
Note 81. The amalgamation of these classes may be as- 
cribed largely to their common interests as pro- 
ducers and distributors of wool. 
(2). The English Language. 

(a). The English language, the language of the 
commons of England, made the official language 
of the law courts (1312-1313). 
(b). In common use among the higher nobility at 

the end of the reign of Edward III. 
(c). Midland English the prevailing dialect, 
(d). Great enlargement of English vocabulary by 
the necessary adoption of French words which 
had become naturalized during the prevalence of 
Erench as the official language of England, and 
by the adoption of Latin expressions from the 
language of the Church and the schools. 
Suggestion 7. Give an account of the poetry of Geoffrey 
Chaucer: its language and character. Note that the 



English History 47 

personal history of Chaucer is typical of the social 
change taking place in England. (He was the son of 
a merchant, the father of a knight, and the ancestor 
of barons). Give an account of the first English 
Bible: its influence and subsequent religious expres- 
sion. 

(3). The Commons and the Church. 

(a). Opposition of the Commons of England to the 
power and pretensions of the Church and to the 
pride of the higher clergy. 

(b). This opposition encouraged by the king. 

(c). Statutes limiting papal rights in the govera- 
ment of the Church. 

(d). Statutes against the practice of appealing 
cases in the ecclesiastical courts to Rome for final 
decision. 

(e). John Wycliffe: his reputation for piety and 
learning : his outspoken criticism of clerical cor- 
ruption and the worldiness of the higher clergy : 
efforts of the higher clergy to condemn Wycliffe 
as a traitor : Political alliance between Wycliffe 
and John of Gaunt: connection of Wycliffe with 
the English Bible. 

Richard II. 

a. Lived 1367-1400; reigned 1377-1399. 

b. Title to the throne — only surviving son of Edward 

the Black Prince. 
Note 82. Besides the Black Prince, Edward III had four 
sons who were great men in their father's lifetime : 
Lionel, Duke of Clarence; John of Gaunt, Duke of 
Lancaster; Edmund, Duke of York; and Thomas, 
Duke of Gloucester. All of these were founders of 
princely families too proud and prosperous to be 
obedient subjects. 

c. General condition of affairs. 



48 Outline Study of 

(1). Incapacity of the ministers who assumed the 

government in the name of the boy king. 
(2). Miserable failure of military operations in 

France. 
(3). Misgovernment and confusion at home. 
(4). Wat Tyler's Kebellion of 1381. 
(a). Its nature. 

(b). Its immediate cause — An offensive poll tax im- 
posed by parliament 1380. 
(c). Its nature. 
Note 83. An uprising of the laboring classes emboldened 
by their success in evading the "Statute of Laborers" 
and seeking further advantage from their favorable 
economic position. Eacial, religious, and political 
discontent swelled the movement, 
(d). Objects of the movement. 
I 1 . General reform: abolition of feudal services 
and customs ; assignment of land at nominal 
rental ; liberal charters for all towns, etc. 
(e). Riotings, burning, and massacre all over Eng- 
land in the early summer of 1381. 
(f). The rebels of Kent organize, and march on 
London under the leadership of Wat Tyler and 
John Ball: the gates of the city opened to them; 
the Lord Chancellor and other high officials mur- 
dered ; the king's person in danger ; Wat Tyler 
killed in the king's presence by the Mayor of 
London ; his followers dispersed by the London 
militia, June 15, 1381. 
(g). Gradual subsidence of the disturbance through 

lack of organization and definite purpose. 
(5). The Lollards. 

(a). Wycliffe and his followers pass from attacks on 

the corruptions of the Church to attacks on 

the foundation of the doctrines of the Church. 

(b). The heretical sect of the Lollards: their belief 

in the all-sufficiency of the Bible as the founda- 



English History 49 

tion of religion; their rejection of all Church 
doctrines and organization not based on definite 
Scriptural authority, 
(c). Death of Wycliffe, 1383: his followers excluded 
from the universities and otherwise prosecuted: 
withdrawal of John of Gaunt and the nobility 
generally from the movement ; persistence of the 
Lollard doctrines in the towns and among the 
smaller landholders, 
d. Eichard assumes command of affairs. 

(1). Attempt of Eichard to assume personal direction 
of the government, 1384-1387, frustrated by the 
opposition of parliament and the armed resist- 
ance of the great nobles, headed by the King's 
uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, and Henry, Earl 
of Derby, son of John of Gaunt. 
(2). Cautious conduct of Eichard: makes himself 
popular by ending the French war, retaining 
only Calais and the coast strip from Bordeaux 
to Bayonne. 
(3). Taking advantage of divisions among his oppo- 
nents, Eichard is able to banish Henry of Lan- 
caster and to have his uncle, Thomas, Duke of 
Gloucester, murdered in prison, 1397. 
(4). Violent attacks of Eichard on constitutional 
government; practical abolition of parliament; 
arbitrary prosecutions and forced loans. 
(5.) Project of Eichard for the extension of his actual 
dominion in Ireland to compensate for the loss 
of his French possessions; his futile expedition 
to Ireland, 1399. 
(6). Henry of Lancaster, son of John of Gaunt, re- 
turns from exile and raises the standard of re- 
volt at Eavenspur in the north of England, 
(a). Joined first by the Earl of Northumberland; 
then by the barons of the north; and finally, by 
the barons and commons generally. 



50 Outline Study of 

(b). Surrender and abdication of Eichard, August, 
1399. 
e. Death of Eichard from cold and privation in prison, 
February, 1400. 

3. Henry IV* (Called Bolingbroke from his birthplace ; known before 
his accession as the Earl of Derby and Hereford*) 

a. Lived 1367-1413; reigned 1399-1413. 

b. Title to the throne. 

Note 84. As the heir of John of Gaunt, Henry was, at 
the moment, the strongest of the descendants of 
Edward III. Owing to the fact that he was not the 
legal heir of Eichard II, Henry advanced a fictitious 
claim that his maternal ancestor, Edmund, son of 
Henry III, was really the oldest son of that monarch 
and as such should have been king instead of Edward 
I. 

c. Events in the reign of Henry IV. 

( 1 ) . Henry plainly a usurper ; consequent insurrec- 
tion and contempt of his authority ; rebellion 
of the northern earls, 1400. 

(2). Owen Glendower and the Welsh rebellion; futile 
campaign of Henry against the Welsh, 1401. 

(3). Persecution of the Lollards. 

(a) . Statute passed fixing the penalty of burning 
at the stake as the punishment for heresy. 

(4). Defeat of Henry's army in Wales, June 1402; 
great victory of the northern barons under Per- 
cy, Earl of Northumberland, and his son, Hot- 
spur, over the Scots at Holmcdon Hill, September, 
1402. 
(a). Jealousy of Henry; his attempt to deprive the 
victors at Holmedon of the customary profit 
from the ransom of the prisoners. 

(5). Coalition of Northumberland, the northern 
barons, and Glendower, against Henry, 1403. 



English History 51 

(a). Pretext — the claim of Edmund, Earl of March, 
to the crown. 
Note 85. John of Gaunt, father of King Henry, was the 
third son of Edward III. The line of the eldest son, 
Edward, the Black Prince, ended with Eichard II, 
but the second son, Lionel, Duke of Clarence, had a 
daughter who married into the family of Mortimer, 
barons in the Welsh marches. Her grandson Edmund, 
Earl of March, a boy twelve years old, was, indispu- 
tably, the legal heir of Eichard II and Edward III; 
but, being without powerful personal connections, 
neither the boy nor his best friends among his rela- 
tives, really sought the crown. His claim was mere- 
ly a pawn in the game of ambitious noblemen who 
were willing to throw the kingdom into anarchy for 
their personal profit. 

(b). Defeat of the insurgent coalition at Shrcivs- 
otiry, July 1403, by the king's army under Henry, 
Prince of Wales. 

(c). Death of Hotspur. 

(d). The coalition scattered. 

(e). All Glendower's castles in Wales taken by 
Prince Henry, 1406-1408. 

(f). Leaders of the insurgent northern barons ar- 
rested and executed. 

(g). Defeat and death of the Earl of Northumber- 
land, 1408. 
(6). Civil war in France removes danger from that 

quarter, after 1407. 
(7). The king of Scotland a prisoner in England. 

after 1406. 
(8). Last years of Henry's reign. 

(a). Disputes with the parliament over administra- 
tion and the finances. 

(b). Establishment of the right of parliament to 
control the king's household. 

(c). Court factions; the painful illness of the king; 



52 Outline Study of 

wayward and headstrong policy of the Prince of 
Wales, 
(d). Determination of the nation to risk once more 
its resources in French wars. 
(9). Death of Henry, March 1413. 

4, Henry V. (Called Henry of Monmouth, from his birthplace*) 

a. Lived 1377-1422; reigned 1413-1422. 

b. Title to the throne — eldest son of Henry IV. 

c. Character of Henry V. 

Note 86. The accounts of Henry's character are most 
contradictory. The wild and reckless "Prince Hal'' 
of the chronicles which Shakespeare followed pre- 
sents a strong contrast to the extraordinarily capa- 
ble general and the religious persecutor shown by 
existing historical record. 

d. Events of Henry's reign. 

(1). Persecution of the Lollards, 
(a). Oldcastle's Rebellion, 1414-1417. 
"Note 87. No class of society in England was as yet pre- 
pared to dispense with the support of the organized 
Church and the feudal monarchy. Lollardry, like the 
Puritanism of later ages, was essentially hostile to 
both these institutions. 
(2). Determination of King Henry to gratify the 
national demand for renewal of the war with 
France. 
Note 88. Conditions in France were most deplorable. 
King Charles VI was a maniac ; the dauphin ( son 
and heir of the King) was disowned by his parents 
and an exile ; two factions were disputing the con- 
trol of the King and the kingdom, one led by the 
Duke of Orleans, the -King's nephew the other led by 
John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, the King's 
cousin. 

The duchy of Burgundy, established by John the 



English History 53 

Fearless, as a practically independent sovereignty, 
though acknowledging' allegiance to the French 
crown, had united with Flanders in 1384, making 
the Duke of Burgundy the dominant power in the 
Low Countries. It was the evident interest of the 
English to encourage the ambition of the Dukes of 
Burgundy to the detriment of the power, of the 
French crown. 
(3). The Burgundian power expelled from Paris by 
the Orleanists, 1413 ; secret treaty between the 
Dukes of Burgundy and Henry, promising the 
neutrality of Burgundy, if the English should 
attack France. 
(4). Henry lands on the coast of Normandy with a 
small army, August 1415; takes Harffeur; at- 
tacked by the French on the march between 
Harfleur and Calais; great victory of Henry at 
Agineourt, October 25; the Duke of Orleans taken 
prisoner. 
(5). War in Normandy, 1416-1418. 
(a.) Siege of Rouen. 

(b). The Burgundian faction in Paris massacres the 
Orleanists and invites the. Duke of Burgundy 
to assume the guardianship of the King, 
(c). Appearance of the Dauphin on the Loire at the 
head of an army, 1418. 
(6). The Duke of Burgundy attempts to negotiate 
for peace with Henry and with the Dauphin ; is 
murdered in the Dauphin's presence and by his 
orders, Sept. 9, 1419. 
(7). The Burgundian faction delivers the city of 

Paris and the person of the king to Henry. 
(8). Treaty of Troijes, 1420. 

(9). Henry marries Catherine, daughter of the French 

King and is recognized as the king's guardian 

and heir. 

(10). Henry generally recognized as the rightful ruler 

of France in the northern half of France while 



54 Outline Study of 

the south of the country is dominated by the 

Dauphin. 
(11). War of sieges and petty skirmishes, 1420-1422. 
(a). Euin of France and demoralization of the 

English soldiers. 
(12). Death of Henry from disease contracted in 

arduous campaigning August 31, 1422. 

5. Henry VI. 

a. Lived 1421-1471 ; reigned 1422-1461. 

b. Title to the throne — only son of Henry V. 

Note 89. After the death of King Charles V, October 
1422, the crown of France was claimed for the infant 
Henry as the inheritance of his father under the 
Treaty of Troyes and also (contrary to the rec- 
ognized rules of descent in both France and Eng- 
land) as the inheritance of Isabella, mother of Ed- 
ward III. 

c. Government in the name of the child king by two 

brothers of Henry V, John, Duke of Bedford, re- 
gent in France, and Humphrey, Duke of Glouces- 
ter, regent in England. 

d. Continuation of the war in France between the Duke 

of Bedford, as regent for King Henry, and the 
Dauphin, who now called himself King Charles 
VII of France. 

(1). Character of the Dauphin. 

(2). Outburst of national sentiment in France. 

(3). Joan of Arc: her visions; her wonderful power 
of arousing enthusiasm. 

(4). Supported by the presence of Joan, the army of 
Charles VII raises the Siege of Orleans and de- 
stroyed the English army at Beaugency, June, 
1429. 

(5). Charles crowned King of France at Bheims: his 
attack on Paris defeated ; capture of Joan by 



English History 55 

the Burgundians and English ; her mock trial ; 

cruel death at Rouen, May 30, 1431. 
(6). National enthusiasm aroused by Joan of Arc 

continues to dominate France, 
(a). The young duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, 

abandons the English alliance and recognizes 

Charles as King of France, 1435. 
(7). Death of the regent Bedford, September, 1435; 

capture of Paris by the Duke of Burgundy. 
(8). Obstinate but futile efforts of the English to 

maintain their position in northern France, 
(a). Richard, Duke of York: Talbot, Earl of 

Shreivsbury. 
(9). Truce, 1444: English retain only a small district 

in Normandy. 

e. Political strife in England between the great families 

founded by descendants of Edward III. 
(a). The Duke of Gloucester driven from power by 
his uncle, Bishop Beaufort. 

f. Incapacity of the King: ascendency of the Dukes of 

Suffolk and Somerset : death of the Duke of 
Gloucester and of Bishop Beaufort, 1447. 

g. Kenewal of the War in France. 

(1). English defeat at Formigny, 1450. 

(2). Surrender of Caen by Somerset. 

(3). Loss of Normandy, June, 1450. 

(4). French attack Bordeaux, 1451. 

(5). Defeat and death of the old Earl of Shrewsbury 

at Castillo n, July, 1453. 
(6). Fall of Bordeaux: end of the English dominion 
in southern France, 1453. The continental do- 
minions of the English qrown reduced to the 
single town of Calais. 
Note 90. The Hundred Years' War had no definite con- 
clusion. The development of the French and Eng- 
lish peoples into distinct homogeneous nations of 
about equal strength put an end 'to the idea of the 



56 Outline Study of 

union of the two crowns by conquest. The separation 
of Flanders from France and the opening of new 
trade with Spain, Portugal, and the Mediterranean 
diminished the danger to be feared from France by 
English commercial interests. 

VII. THE WARS OF THE ROSES. 

J. Continuation of the Reign of Henry VI. 

a. Circumstances favoring the outbreak of violence and 

and civil war. 

( 1 ) . The weak and sickly incapacity of the king : the 
fussy and meddlesome incapacity of the queen, 
Margaret of Anjou. 

(2). The existence among the nobility of a family 
with a better hereditary right to the crown than 
the reigning house and represented, at the mo- 
ment, by stronger men. 

(3). The presence, in all classes of society, of a tur- 
bulent element of unemployed soldiers trained in 
the wars of France to habits of unrestrained 
violence. 

(4). Outbreak of general disappointment and discon- 
tent following the defeats in France. 

b. Jack Cade's Rebellion; London in the hands of a mob, 

1450. 

c. Eival party leaders of royal birth. 

(1). The Prime Minister, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of 
Somerset, the head of a younger branch of the 
House of Lancaster. 

(2). Richard, Duke of York, the heir of the Morti- 
mers, representing the elder branch of the family 
of Edward III. 

d. Events leading up to the Wars of the Roses. 

(1). Unpopularity of Somerset whose power was based 

on the support of the queen. 
(2). Attempt to banish the Duke of York to Ireland. 



English History 57 

(a). Parliamentary and popular opposition compels 
the recognition of the Duke of York as the near- 
est of kin to the childless king-. 

(3). Birth of a son to Henry and Margaret (Edward, 
Prince of Wales), October, 1453. 

(4). Acknowledged insanity of King Henry; York, 
Protector of the Realm, 1454. 

(5). Somerset, resisting in arms, the authority of 
the Protector, is defeated and slain at Saint 
Albans, May, 1455. 
e. The Wars of the Roses. 

( 1 ) . Meaning of the name. 
Note 91. The white rose was the badge of the Yorkist 
party; the red rose, the badge of the Lancas- 
trians. 

(2). Character of the Wars of the Roses. 
Note 92. The Wars of the Roses were political contests 
carried on by open violence instead of by the 
usual intrigues and competition. The crown it- 
self was a prize to be fought for by politicians. 
Suggestion 9. To which of the tioo parties did Henri/ 
VI belong? 

(3). The recovery of the king, 1416, deprives York 
of his official position and restores the queen to 
power ; York retires to his hereditary govern- 
ment of Ireland ; mismanagement of the queen 
and her ministers. 

(4). Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, partisan of 
the Duke of York, holds Calais in practical de- 
fiance of the royal authority ; wins popularity by 
successful acts of piracy against foreign ships in 
the Channel; resists the attempt of the queen's 
ministers to take Calais from him. 

(5). With a small force Warwick lands in England 
at Sandwich, June, 1460; the citizens of London 
support him. 



Outline Study of 

(a). He defeats the royal army at Northampton, 
July 10, and takes the king- prisoner. 

(b). The queen and the child Prince of Wales escape 
to the north. 
(6). The Duke of York joins Warwick; treaty with 
the captured King Henry. 

Note 93. In this treaty, Henry acknowledges the Duke 

of York as his heir ignoring the right of his son, the 

Prince of Wales. 

(7). The Duke of York marches north in pursuit of 

the Queen and her son. 

(a). Defeated and slain at Wakefield, December 30, 

1460. 
(b). Savage slaughter of the Yorkist prisoners af- 
ter the battle. 
(8). Warwick defeated at Saint Albans, February 17, 
1461. 
(a). Losing possession of King Henry, Warwick 
proclaims Edward, eldest son of the Duke of 
York, King of England. 
(9). Edward defeats the Lancastrians at Mortimer's 

Cross and assumes the crown. 
(10). Warwick and Edward defeat the Lancastrian 
army at Towton, March 29, 1461; bloody revenge 
of the Yorkists. 

Edward IV. (House of York.) 

a. Lived 1442-1483; reigned 1461-1483. 

b. Title to the throne. 

(1). Actual title — revolutionary as the strongest 
of the descendants of Edward III. 
(2). Legal title — the heir direct, through his mother, 
of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, second son of Ed- 
ward III. 
Note 94. According to the rules of succession recognized 
in England, Edward IV was the rightful successor of 
Edward III and Eichard II, to the exclusion of the 



English History 59 



House of Lancaster which traced its descent from the 
third son of Edward III. 

On his father's side, Edward was descended from 
Edmund, Duke of York, fourth son of Edward III. 
Events of the reign of Edward IV. 
(1). Government of Warwick, the King-maker, in Ed- 
ward's name. 
(2). Lancastrian resistance continued in the north; 
Battle of Hexham, May, 1464. 
(a). Capture of the deposed King- Henry; his im- 
prisonment in the tower of London. 
(3). Edward and Warwick quarrel. 

(4). Project of Warwick for alliance with France and 
the marriage of Edward with a French princess, 
(a). This project frustrated by the marriage of Ed- 
ward with Elizabeth Woodville, a lady not even 
of baronial rank, 
(b) . Edward ennobles his wife's kinsmen and makes 
them his ministers. ^ 

(5). Alliance of Warwick with George, Duke of Clar- 
ence, Edward's younger brother. 
(6). Rising of Warwick partisans in Yorkshire. 

(a). Edward taken prisoner July, 1469 ; compelled to 

submit to the dictation of Warwick, 
(b). Slaughter of the Woodville family. 
(7). Edward escapes from Warwick's control; raises 
an army and drives Warwick and Clarence inta 
exile in France, March, 1470. 
(8). In France Warwick meets Queen Margaret, wife 
of the deposed King Henry; marries his daughter 
to Queen Margaret's son Edward, Prince of 
Wales ; proclaims himself a Lancastrian. 
(9). Warwick welcomed in Kent and London when he 
lands in England at the head of a small army of 
Lancastrian exiles, September, 1470 ; defection of 
Edward's army; Edward seeks refuge be}^ond the 



£0 ' Outline Study of 

sea with the Duke of Burgundy ; Henry, released 
from the tower, is restored to the throne. 
(10). Clarence, disappointed in his hope of himself be- 
coming king through his alliance with Warwick, 
opens negotiations with Edward. 

(a). Edward lands on the Yorkshire coast, March, 
1471, with a small force of Burgundian merce- 
naries. 

(b). Betrayed bj^ Clarence, Warwick is unable to 
hold London and is defeated and slain at Bar net, 
April 13, 1471. 

(c). Henry again a prisoner. 
^(11.) Queen Margaret and Edward, Prince of Wales, 
arrive in England and rally the last remnant of 
the Lancastrian party, April, 1471. 

(a). Annihilation of the Lancastrians at TetvJcs~bury, 
May 3, 1471 by Edward and Clarence; death of 
the Prince of Wales in the fight ; subsequent exe- 
cution of the Duke of Somerset, the heir of the 
younger branch of the House of Lancaster. 
r (12). Murder of King Henry in the Tower, May, 1471. 
(13). Subsequent reign of Edward as an indolent, pop- 
ular despot. 

(a). His alliance with the Duke of Burgundy. 

(b). Sells peace to King Louis of France, 1475, for 
an annual subsidy, making him independent of 
parliament for the rest of his life. 

(c). His cold-blooded destruction of his brother Clar- 
ence, 1477. 

(d). His reliance on the ability and loyalty of his 
youngest brother, Bichard, Duke of Gloucester. 
(14.) Death of Edward, April 9, 1483. 
d. Condition of England at the close of Edward's Beign. 

1783. 
(1). Material prosperitjr of England in the midst of 
war and social retrogression ; great development 
of the cloth manufacturing industry and of the 



English History 61 

English merchant marine ; content and prosperity^ 
of the agricultural population ; "Merrie England." 

(a). Reasons for this condition: The purely domes- 
tic character of the war ; no mercenary soldiers ; 
the towns protected against raiders by their 
walls. 
(2). Decline of the power and influence of the 
Church. 
Note 95. The English Church was the Church of the 

Latinized conquerors of England and was unable to 

lead or to sympathize with the new English nation 

which was predominantly Teutonic. 

(a). The decline of the monastic idea; growing in- 
dolence and inefficiency of the great monastic or- 
ganizations ; cessation of the "Chronicles" of 
the monasteries. 

(b). Lingering influence of the ideas of the Lol- 
lards on religious doctrines and discipline. 

(c). End of the clerical monopoly of learning and 1 
education. 
(3). William Gaxton, the silk mercer, and his printing 
press, 1476. 

(a). Purely secular character of the first produc- 
tions of the printer's art, in England. 
(4). Social disorganization. 

(a). The custom of Maintenance and Livery. 
Note 96. Political contests being decided by the sword, 

political factions became organized armies. Men of 

local influence wore the badges and displayed the 

banners of the political leaders whose fortunes they 

followed, and kept armed men under organization as 

modern local politicians organize voters. 

(5). Decline of the influence of parliament. 

(a). Power of parliament in the first half of the 
fifteenth century. 
I 1 . Its assembly annual. 



62 Outline Study of 

2 1 . Exercised the right of appropriating- the rev- 
enue raised by taxation. 

3 1 . Claimed and often exercised the right of ex- 
amining public accounts, removing the king's 
ministers, and influencing the king's government. 

4\ An act of parliament regarded as the legal ter- 
mination of the reign of Eichard II. 
(6). Disastrous influence of the wars on the develop- 
ment of free institutions ; slaughter of the 
barons and knights ; the sword substituted for 
legal title ; revenue by confiscation instead of by 
taxation ; growing inclination of townsmen to de- 
fend their liberties by the strength of their city 
walls. 

3. Edward V. (House of York.) 

a. Lived 1470-1483 ; reigned from April to July, 1483. 

b. Title to the throne— eldest son of Edward IV, (Title 

disputed). 

c. Events of the reign of Edward V. 

(1). Unpopularity of the Queen Mother (Elizabeth 
Woodville) and her family. 

(2). General satisfaction when Eichard, Duke of 
Gloucester, the brother of Edward IV, takes pos- 
session of the young King's person and proclaims 
himself Protector of the Kingdom. 

(3). Eichard uses his power as Protector to the de- 
struction of the queen and her friends ; judicial 
murder of Lord Hastings ; imprisonment of the 
queen's kinsman ; marriage of Edward IV and 
Elizabeth Woodville declared bigamous and void. 

(4). After a show of reluctance, Eichard assumes the 
crown, July 6, 1483. 

(5). Murder of the young King Edward and his 
brother Eichard in the Tower of London, July, 
1483. 



English History 63 

4. Richard III. (House of York.) 

a. Lived 1452-1485; reigned 1483-1485. 

b. Title to the throne — revolutionary, as the strongest 

of the descendants of Edward III. 

Note 97. The title to the throne by hereditary right de- 
vised for Eichard by his lawyers, assumed (1) that 
the act of attainder, under which the Duke of Clar- 
ence had been put to death, had deprived his descend- 
ents of their rights as members of the royal family, 
and (2) that the marriage of Edward IV and Eliza- 
beth had never been legal. 

c. Events in the reign of Richard III. 

(1). No general acquiescence in Eichard's usurpation. 

(2). Rebellion of the Duke of Buckingham (the heir 
of the youngest son of Edward III) and of the 
Earl of Eichmond (the heir of the Beauforts, the 
younger branch of the House of Lancaster). 

(a). Eichmond escapes to Brittany; Buckingham 
captured and beheaded, November, 1483. 

(b). The Earl of Eichmond lands at Milford Haven 
in Wales, at the head of an army composed of 
exiles of both the Yorkist and Lancastrian fac- 
tions ; Eichard, advancing to meet him, is "bought 
and sold" by his trusted followers ; Eichard is 
slain at Bosworth Field, August 22, 1485. 

Note 98. Eichard III was a type common in all coun- 
tries of Europe in the fifteenth century — an in- 
telligent, cultured nobleman, utterly devoid of 
moral sense and without the faculty of self re- 
straint. Possibly he believed that he had no al- 
ternative but to murder or be murdered. The 
picture drawn by the sixteenth century chroni- 
clers and made familiar by Shakespeare of a 
monster of diseased mind and deformed bodj% 
has no historical warrant. 



64 Outline Study of 

5. Henry VIL (House of Lancaster.) 

Note 99. Before his accession to the throne, Henry VII 
was known as Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond. 

a. Lived 1457-1509 ; reigned 1485-1509. 

b. Title to the throjie — revolutionary, the strongest of 

the descendants of Edward III. 
Note 100. No ingenuity of lawyers could devise a valid 
hereditary title to the throne for Henry VII. He 
could not claim to be the legal representative 
even of the Lancastrian claim to the crown, and the 
better claim of the House of York was represented 
by three lines of descendants of Kichard, Duke of 
York. 

The name of Tudor, which Henry transmitted to 
a dynasty of English sovereigns was derived from his 
paternal grandfather, a nobleman of Wales, who mar- 
ried Catherine of France, the widow of Henry V. 

c. Principal events of the reign of Henry VII. 

(1). Marriage of Henry with Elizabeth, eldest daugh- 
ter of Edward IV, the generally recognized 
heiress of the House of York. (1486). 
Note 101. From this union of the Houses of Lancaster 
and York, all subsequent sovereigns of England have 
claimed descent. 
(2). Utter demoralization of English politics after 
a generation of civil war ; no limit to unscrupu- 
lous ambition but superior force; vigorous and 
politic measures of Henry for better order sup- 
ported by the nation generally. 
(3). The "Pretenders." 

(a). Lambert Simnel, crowned king in Dublin, as 
Edward, son of the Duke of Clarence. 
1\ Joined by the Earl of Lincoln, son of a sister 
of Edward IV and by other members and parti- 
sans of the House of York. 
2 1 . Invades England with an army of Irish and 
German mercenaries. 



English History 65 

3\ Defeated at Stoke on Trent, 1487; Simnel cap- 
tured and Lincoln killed in battle, 
(b). PerMn Warbcck, personating Kichard, a young- 
er brother of Edward V. 
Note 102. The real Richard had been killed with his 
brother in the Tower. 
I 1 . Eecognized as King of England at several for- 
eign courts. 
2 1 . An insurrection in Cornwall, defeated at 
Blackheath Field, 1497, rallied again under War- 
beck ; siege of Exeter ; capture of Warbeck. 
Note 103. This insurrection gave Henry an opportunity 
to get rid by execution of Edward, son of the Duke of 
Clarence. 
(4). End of the Wars of the Eoses with Blackheath 
Field and the Siege of Exeter, 
(a). Eeasons for peace: — (1). Henry's firm grasp 
of the situation; (2) Lack of available claimants 
of the crown. 
(5), War with France to save the independence of the 
Duchy of Brittany, 
(a). The Bretons voluntarily submit to France; 
Henry withdraws in consideration of an annual 
subsidy to be paid by the French King. 

Vm. THE TUDOR DESPOTISM AND THE RELIGIOUS 
STRUGGLE* 

I. Continuation of the Reign of Henry VIL 

a. Changed conditions in Europe. 

(1). General decline of feudalism; national consoli- 
dation. 

(2). Eise of a great power in Spain; rise of the House 
of Hapsburg to supremacy in Germany and 
Central Europe. 

(3). Connection of Flanders with the House of Haps- 
burg after 1-177. 



66 Outline Study of 

(4). Final consolidation of France by the absorption 
of Brittany and of French Burgundy, 
b- Shrewd and cautious diplomacy of Henry VII. 
• (1). Its object — peace with commercial advantages, 

c. Marriage of two of Henry's sons successively with 

Catherine of Aragon, a princess of Spain, 
cl. Marriage of Henry's daughter Margaret to King 
James of Scotland, 1503. 

e. Noteworthy events of the last years of Henry's reign. 
(1). Commercial treaties with the Netherlands, 1496- 

1500 ; with Scandinavia ; with the Bepublic of 
Florence. 
Note 104. These treaties gave English trade a direct 
market to the far East- 
(2). The Iceland and North Atlantic fisheries. 
(3). Voyages of the Cabots to America; discovery of 
Newfoundland, 1467, and of the coast from Lab- 
rador to Chesapeake Bay, 1498. 

f. Domestic Policy of Henry: condition of England. 
(1). The crown the gainer by the decline of feudalism. 
(2). The old nobility practically exterminated in the 

Wars of the Boses. 

(3). Barons of recent creation lacking in the spirit 
of their predecessors who had regarded them- 
selves as the peers of the king and his free 
partners in government- 

(4). Interest of the commons limited to the manage- 
ment of their own affairs, 
(a). Little disposition on the part of the commons 
to meddle with the king's government so long as 
the king's government let them alone. 

g. Henry's independent financial position. 
(1). Expenditure lessened by peace. 

(2). Customs revenues increased by commercial pros- 
perity. 



English History 67 

(3). Regular system of allowing wealthy wrong-doers 
to compound for their misdeeds by fines- 

(4). The Star Chamber. 

(a). Acquiescence of the nation in a system of gov- 
ernment which reduced taxation to a minimum. 

(5). The crown allowed, practically, to nominate the 
members of the few parliaments assembled in 
Henry's reign. 
h. Death of Henry, April, 1509 ; his "chapel" in West- 
minster Abbey. 

Henry Vm. 

a. Lived 1491-1547 ; reigned 1509-1547. 

b- Title to the throne — eldest surviving son of Henry 
VII, also, through his mother, the legal heir of 
Edward IV and the House of York. 

c. Character of the young king : — cultured, accom- 

plished, possessed of more learning than 
was usual with laymen of the time, energetic, 
ambitious, fond of display and distinction. 

d. Chief events of Henry's reign. 

(1). Attempt of Henry to recover the English ascen- 
dency in France, 
(a). Invasion of France, 1573; failure of the cam- 
paign- 
(2). Invasion of England by the Scots. 

(a). Battle of Flodden Field, September 9, 1573: 
defeat and and death of King James IV of Scot- 
land. 
(3). Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop and Cardinal; his 
origin, character, and position in the kingdom. 
Note 105. As the sole responsible minister of the crown, 
Wolsey was practically joint ruler with Henry VIII 
from 1512 to 1529. 

(4). The Policy of Wolsey and Henry VIII. 

(a). Its object to make Henry the dominant power 
in the politics of Europe. 



68 Outline Study of 

Note 106. The bitter and incessant rivalry between 
Francis I, King of France, and Charles V, Emperor 
of Germany, King of Spain, and ruler of the Nether- 
lands, furnished opportunity, for the success of such 
a policy, 
(b). Unscrupulous use of the balance of power in 

the furtherance of this policy, 
(c). Incidents in the carrying out of this policy. 
I 1 . Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520. {Where 

Henry declared himself an ally of France.) 
2\ The Treaty of Gravelines, 1520. (By which 

Henry allied himself with Charles.) 
3 1 . The Battle of Pavia, 1525. (By tohich Charles 
made himself strong enough to repudiate all ob- 
ligation to Henry.) 
4 1 . The Peace of Cambray, 1529. (Which settled 
the affairs of the Continent without reference to 
Henry or to English interests. 
(d). Failure of the policy of Henry and Wolsey. 
Note 107. The reason for the failure lay in the fact that 
in Charles V, Henry and Wolsey were dealing with 
a stronger power than the king and with a shrewder 
man than either king or minister, 
(e) Eesult of the failure of the foreign policy. 
Note 108. The treasure which had been accumulated by 
Henry VII was dissipated, necessitating recourse to 
parliamentary taxation. 
(5). Question of the succession; the unpromising 
outlook for the permanence of the Tudor dynas- 
ty. 
Note 109. Henry had but one child, a sickly girl (after- 
ward Queen Mary I). In the event of Henry's death 
without issue living, it was extremely unlikely that 
the succession could be secured for either the young 
King of Scotland or for the children of Henry's 
younger sister, the Duchess of Suffolk, who were the 
offspring of a marriage of doubtful legality. 



English History 69 

(a). Jealousy of Henry on the subject of the suc- 
cession ; execution for treason of the Duke of 
Buckingham, 1521, merely because he prided 
himself on his descent from Edward III. 
(6). THE RENAISSANCE or Revival of Intellectual 
Activity in Europe, 
(a). Causes and meaning of the movement, 
(b). New ideals in art, literature, and civilization 

generally, 
(c). ""The New Learning"; its effect upon mediaeval 
Christianity. 
Note 110. The inevitable use of the newly developed 
critical faculty and the newly acquired knowledge of 
the Greek language was to unsettle the foundations 
of mediaeval Christianity. 

(d). Attitude of the theologians towards the 
Church. 
Note 111. Imbued with the spirit of the "new learning", 
the theologians of the time developed two opposing 
policies: (1). The policy of ignoring questions of 
doctrinal theology as having been settled for all time 
by mysterious divine authority, basing the claim of 
the Church on appeal to the emotions; (2). The 
policy of remodeling doctrinal theology to resist the 
utmost attacks of criticism, basing the claim of the 
Church on appeal to reason. The former policy was 
better suited to the genius of the nations of southern 
Europe ; the latter, to that of the northern nations. 
(7). Martin Luther, the Saxon Theologian: "The Ref- 
ormation." 
(a). Questions the power of the Pope of Rome, 
(b). Development of the Lutheran movement into a 
German national revolt against the Roman 
Church, 
(c). Connection of this revolt with German politics. 
(8). Doctrines of Luther find their way into England, 
(a). Eavored by the mercantile towns and lesser 



70 Outline Study of 

clergy ; opposed by the higher classes, the digni- 
taries of the Church, and the king, 
(b). Strong anti-clerical feeling among all classes 
in England ; general lack of confidence in the 
wisdom and piety of the church organization in 
England. 

(9). Revival of parliamentary spirit as Henry's money 
requirements become more burdensome ; opposi- 
tion takes an anti-clerical form, 
(a). Wolsey and the Church blamed for the diffi- 
culties and failures of the administration. 

(10). Wolsey and the anti-clerical opposition rivals 
for Henry's favor, 
(a). Wolsey promises to obtain from Rome an an- 
nulment of Henry's marriage with Catherine of 
Aragon, 1528. 

"Note 112. At the time of her marriage to Henry, Cath- 
erine was the widow of Henry's brother. Marriage 
between those related by previous marriage was for- 
bidden by the laws of the Church ; but a dispensation, 
waiving the operation of the law in this case, had 
been readily obtained from the Church authorities. 
The Pope was now asked by Wolsey to revoke or de- 
clare void this dispensation issued by his predeces-' 
sor. 

(b). Cardinal Campeggio arrives in England as 'the 
representative of the Pope in the case of Henry's 
divorce, 1529. 
(c). The Emperor Charles, Catherine's nephew, ab- 
solute master of Rome and Italy ; utter inabil- 
ity of the Pope to render a decision in opposi- 
tion to the wishes of Charles. 
(d). Campeggio recalled; the case adjourned to the 
papal court at Rome, July, 1529 ; Henry forbidden 
to make a second marriage pending decision. 
(11). Resignation of Wolsey. 

(a). The failure of the project of papal divorce 



English History 71 

coming' at the same time with the final failure 
of Wolsey's foreign policy in the Treaty of Cam- 
bray, fatal to Wolsey's power, 
(b). Eesignation by Wolsey of all his offices, 
(c). The confidence of the king transferred to the 
party which demanded radical reformation of 
church affairs, October, 1529. 
(12). Acts of parliament checking the civil authority 
of the Church and the revenues of the clergy, 
1529-1530. 
(a). The idea of a strictly national Church which 
should be, like other national institutions, an in- 
strument of the king's government. 
(b). Thomas Cranmer: his character and abilities; 
Cranmer promises Henry an annulment of his 
marriage by decision of the Independent Church 
of England ; Cranmer is made Archbishop of 
Canterbury. 
'(13). Payment of church dues to Home stopped, 1532; 
criminal jurisdiction of ecclesiastical courts 
abolished and appeals to Rome forbidden, 1533. 
(14). Henry's marriage annulled by a convocation of 

the English clergy; May, 1533. 
(15). Marriage of Henry with Anne Boleyn; birth of 

a princess {afterward, Queen Elizabeth). 
(16). The Act of Supremacy, declaring the King of 
England supreme head, in temporal affairs, of 
the English Church, 1534-1535. 
(17). Opposition to these changes. 

(a). Sir Thomas More, leader of the opposition to 

these radical changes ; his great reputation 

throughout Europe as a scholar and man of 

letters ; his place in English literature ; Utopia. 

(b). Made Chancellor, after the fall of Wolsey, as 

a moderate church reformer. 
(c). With Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, one of the 
most learned and pious prelates of the time, 
More is imprisoned for refusing to recognize the 



Outline Study of 

King's divorce, April, 1534; is executed for re- 
fusing to take oath under the Act of Supremacy, 
January, 1535. 
(18). Thomas Gromicell. 

(a). Financial secretary; his humble origin; early 
career as a soldier of fortune ; merchant ; secre- 
retary to Wolsey ; his bold unscrupulous charac- 
ter, wide experience, and capacity for business, 
(b). Increasing reliance of Henry upon Cromwell's 
advice and support. 
(19). Dissolution of the monasteries. 
Suggestion 10. Discuss the following subjects: — Great 
service of the monastic settlements to English civili- 
zation ; Monasticism foreign to English habits of 
thought and living; Condition of the monasteries in 
the 16th century ; The monks hated by the landhold- 
ing classes as robbers of estates through bequests 
for religious purposes. 

(a). Cromwell offers parliament the plunder of the 
monasteries as payment for its support of Hen- 
ry's religious policy, 
(b). The property of the monasteries confiscated 
by the crown, 1536 — 1539. 
Note 113. The dissolution of monasteries, the stronghold 
of the wealth, training, and discipline of the clergy, 
was a death blow to the mediaeval Church of England. 
The confiscated land was, for the most part, dis- 
tributed among the small landholders who dominated 
the House of Commons in parliament. The wealth 
thus acquired made this class, henceforth, the strong- 
est power in English politics. 
(20). Trial, condemnation, and execution of Queen 
Anne Boleyn on charges of treasonable miscon- 
duct. 
(21). Immediate marriage of Henry with Jane Sey- 
mour; birth of a prince (afterward King Ed- 
ward VI) ; death of Queen Jane, 1537. 



English History 73 

(22). Doctrinal innovations not contemplated by Hen- 
ry in his religious policy. 

(a). Unavoidable connection between the anti-papal 
church of England and the anti-papal national 
churches of the Continent. 

(b). The name Protestant generally applied to the 
national churches of Germany after 1529. 

(c). Strong Protestant tendencies of Cromwell and 
the only clergymen who could be relied upon to 
enforce the Act of Supremacy; consequent pro- 
testantizing of the English Church; the "great 
Bible" ; the "ten articles" of faith. 
(23). Discontent of the adherents of the Eoman 
church kept down by force ; the revolt of the 
north (known as the "Pilgrimage of Grace"), 
1537 ; its rigorous suppresion by Cromwell. 
(24). Eeaction in favor of the Eoman Catholics shown 
in the parliament of 1638 ; the "Six Articles" of 
faith reaffirming Catholic belief ; Henry induced 
by Cromwell to ally himself with the Protestant 
princes of Germany and to marry a German 
princess, Anne of Cleves, 1540 ; Henry dissatisfied 
with his new wife, his allies, and with Cromwell. 
(25). Cromwell abandoned by the king to his enemies 
of the Catholic party; condemnation and execu- 
tion of Cromwell, 1540 ; divorce of Anne of 
Cleves : ascendency of the moderate Catholics 
under the leadership of the Duke of Norfolk; 
marriage of King Henry to Catharine Howard, a 
relative of the Duke of Norfolk. 
(26). Divorce and execution of Catharine Howard, 
1542 ; marriage of Henry with Catharine Parr, 
who survived him ; struggle for supremacy be- 
tween the Howard family, representing the 
conservative Catholic party, and the Seymour 
family, relatives of Henry's son and heir, repre- 
senting the Protestants; triumph of the Sey- 
mours, 1546. 



74 Outline Study of 

(27). Affairs of Ireland; of Scotland; birth of Mary 
(afterward Mary, Queen of Scots), daughter of 
James V, King of Scotland, the nephew of Hen- 
ry VIII. 
(28). Death of Henry, January 28, 1547. 
Note 114. The Succession. — By act of parliament, con- 
firmed by the will of Henry VIII, Henry's three chil- 
dren, Mary (daughter of Catherine of Aragon), Eliz- 
abeth (daughter of Anne Boleyn), and Edward (son 
of Jane Seymour) were to succeed according to the 
English customs of inheritance. 

3. Edward VI. 

a. Lived 1537—1553; reigned 1547-1553. 

b. Title to the throne, — eldest surviving son of Henry 

VIII. 

c. Personal character of the king — a sickly boy, a mere 

tool for the factions which successively ruled 
England in his name. 

d. Political and religious situation in England. 
(1). The Protestant Party. 

(a) . Strong in the commercial towns, with the small- 
er landholders, and with the agricultural popu- 
lation of the south and east of England. 
(2). The Catholic Party. 

(a). Many adherents among the higher nobility and 
strong territorial connections in the north and 
west of England. 
Note 115. The mass of influential public opinion was 
satisfied with the separation from Rome and the dis- 
solution of the monasteries, but was not in favor 
of needless change in church doctrine or ceremonial, 
and was indisposed to be governed by the social 
classes from which the Protestant leaders derived 
their support. 
(3). Foreign influences in English affairs. 

(a). Revolution in European politics caused by the 



English History 75 

consolidation, in the hands of kings, of the pow- 
ers formerly dissipated among the various classes 
of the feudal system. 
(b). Revolution in the art of war consequent on the 
increasing use of firearms and the development 
of great standing armies of trained soldiers, 
(c). England less affected by these changes than the 
other powers ; consequent relative decline of Eng- 
land in political and military power, 
(d). The great powers of Europe. 
I 1 . Prince Philip, son of the Emperor, Charles V, 
and destined heir of his father's dominions in 
Spain, the Netherlands, and Italy. 
2\ Henry II, King of France, master of the most 

populous and consolidated kingdom of Europe. 
3 1 . Francis, Duke of Guise, chief minister and gen- 
eral of the king of France, a most able diplomat 
and soldier, 
(e). Hopes of the Continental Powers in relation to 
England. 
I 1 . Philip hoped, ultimately, to rule England 
through his second cousin, Mary, daughter of 
Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. 
2 1 . The King of France and the Duke of Guise ex- 
pected that sooner or later the English crown 
would fall to Mary, the child queen of Scotland, 
the heir of the House of Tudor (failing legiti- 
mate issue of Henry VIII). 
Note 116. Mary, Queen of Scots, had, from her birth,, 
been kept under French influence by her mother who. 
was a sister of the Duke of Guise. 
e. Important Events in the Reign of Edward VI. 

(1). Control of the government seized by the Protes- 
tant party through the Duke of Somerset, the 
king's maternal uncle, who was made Lord Pro- 
tector of the realm. 
(2). Government of the Lord Protector Somerset. 



.76 Outline Study of 

(a). Mild and popular character of domestic admin- 
istration ; consequent reign of faction and dis- 
pute. 
(b). The Protestant sects : their acrimonious dis- 
putes, 
(c). The Church liturgy in English: the "Book of 
Common Prayer," 1549-1552 ; repeal of the heresy 
laws. 
ii(3). Policy of uniting Scotland with England by mar- 
riage between Edward and Mary, Queen of Scots, 
(a). Failure through mutual jealousy and suspi- 
cion and the efforts of the French party in Scot- 
land led by Beaton, Archbishop of Saint An- 
drews, and the Queen Mother, Mary of Guise. 
'(b). Queen Mary taken to France to marry the 

heir of King Henry, 
(c). Futile invasion of Scotland by Somerset; bar- 
ren victory of Pinkie Cleugh, 1547. 
«(4). Dissensions in the English government. 

(a). Thomas Seymour, the brother of the Protector, 

executed for treason, 1549. 
(b). John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, deposes Somer- 
set and (as Duke of Northumberland) assumes 
control of the administration. 
I 1 . His violent and arbitrary rule; deposition of 
the Catholic Bishops. 
r (4). King Edward's failing health. 

((5). Insane attempt of Northumberland to alter the 
line of succession, as established by custom and 
law. 
(a). Lady Jane Gray, granddaughter of the young- 
est sister of Henry VIII, proclaimed heir to the 
throne; Lady Jane Gray married to Northumber- 
land's son. 
(6). Death of Edward, July 6, 1553. 

4. Mary I. 

a. Lived 1516-1558; reigned 1553-1558. 



English History 77 

b. Title to the throne. 

(1). Actual title, the will of Henry VIII and an act 

of parliament. 
(2). Hereditary title, eldest daughter of Henry VIII 

and the elder sister of Edward VI. 

c. Eiography. 

(1). Her personal character. 

(2). The hardship of her early life as the daughter of 

Catherine of Aragon, divorced wife of Henry 

VIII. 
(3). Her fervent and steadfast devotion to the Eoman 

Catholic religion. 

d. Chief Events in the reign of Mary. 

(1). A Catholic reaction viewed with little concern by 
the mass of the English nation. 
Note 117. At this period, we find the nation weary of 
theological disputes and of new experiments in re- 
ligion and politics. 
(2). Prompt suppression of the usurpation of North- 
umberland in the name of Lady Jane Gray; ex- 
ecution of Northumberland and his son ; impris- 
onment of Lady Jane. 
(.3). Eepeal of the Protestant legislation of the reign 
of Edward; re-enactment of the heresy laws; 
restoration of the Catholic bishops; deposition 
of the Protestant incumbents, 1553. 
(a). Advice of conservative statesmen that the re- 
action stop at this point ignored by Mary. 
(4). Mary seeks the protection of her cousin, the 

Emperor Charles V. 
(5). Marriage of Mary to Philip of Spain, son of the 
Emperor, 1554. 
(a). Unpopularity of the Spanish connection. 
(6). Protestant uprisings. 
(7). Wyafs rebellion. 

(a). Prompt suppression of the insurrection; exe- 
cution of Lady Jane Gray. 



78 Outline Study of 

(b). The Protestant party overawed. 
(8). Reginald Pole, a member of the English royal 
family arrives from Eome as papal legate, No- 
vember 1530 ; is made Archbishop of Canterbury 
in place of the deposed Protestant, Cranmer, on 
condition that no attempt shall be made by the 
Church to recover the plunder of the monasteries. 
Note 118. Reginald Pole was the grandson of George, 
Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV. 
(a). Parliament assents to the reunion with the 
Church of Eome. 
(9). Persecution of the Protestants; Cranmer, Latimer 
(Bishop of Worcester), Ridley (formerly Bishop 
of London), and many other Protestant prelates 
and preachers burned at the stake, 1555-1558. 
(a). Hundreds of humbler Protestants meet the 
same fate. 
(10). Evident intention of Mary to make England a 
province of the vast dominion which her husband 
was shortly to inherit. 
(11). England involved in a war with France. 

(a). Calais, the last foothold of England on the 
Continent, taken by the French, January, 1558. 
(12). Failing health of Mary; evident failure to ex- 
tirpate Protestantism. 
(13). Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne 
Boleyn next in succession, 
(a). Cautious and circumspect conduct of Elizabeth, 
(b). She refuses to contenance Protestant insurrec- 
tion or even to avow herself a Protestant ; this 
course popular with the nation. 
(14). Death of Mary, November 18, 1558. 

5. Elizabeth. 

a. Lived 1533-1603 ; reigned 1558-1603. 

b. Title to the throne. 



English History 



79 



(1). Actual, the will of Henry VIII confirmed by act 
of parliament. 

(2). Hereditary, the only surviving- descendant of 
Henry VIII. 

c. Character of Elizabeth; astute, fearless, self-reliant 

and self -centered, destitute of religious or honor- 
able scruples, able to play with the deeper pas- 
sions of human nature. 

d. Weakness of Elizabeth's position. 

(1). She ascended the throne without influential par- 
ty or family connections. 

(2). In a turmoil of national and party strife waged 
with unexampled violence and duplicity, her only 
weapons were the letter of the law, the possibil- 
ity of playing off one enemy against another, and 
her own courage and sagacity. 

e. Strength of Elizabeth's position. 

(1). Her cold and passionless attitude towards re- 
ligious controversy gave her the confidence of the 
large and influential element which desired only 
religious peace. 

(2). Her equally cold and passionless attitude in in- 
ternational affairs deceived her rival enemies by 
its resemblance to open-mindedness and vacilla- 
tion. 

(3). She was able to frame her policies with little 
regard for the aspirations and commercial inter- 
ests of her subject. 
Note 119. The subjects of Elizabeth were willing and 
able to look after their own interests and to carry 
on the work of national development without official 
help or leadership. Elizabeth defended her dominions 
cheaply and effectively by repudiating as pirates the 
soldiers and sailors who fought the battles of Eng- 
land in her reign. 

f. Chief events of Elizabeth's reign. 



80 Outline Study of 

(1). Spanish connection broken off at Elizabeth's ac- 
cession ; popularity of this step. 
Note 120. Philip, nevertheless, was compelled to give 
Elizabeth his support, for her only possible rival 
for the throne was Mary, the Queen of 
Scotland, who was completely under the influence 
of Philip's enemy, the King of France. 
(2). Papal jurisdiction over the English Church 
again abolished and the English Church liturgy 
restored, 1559. 

(a). The Catholic bishops, refusing to conform, are 
replaced by Protestants, 1559. 
(3). Two parties in the Protestant Church of England. 

(a). The Episcopal or Prelatical party, which pro- 
posed to retain the forms of Church government 
and much of the service and ceremonial of the 
mediaeval church. 

(b). The Puritans, also called Presbyterians and 
Calvanists, who wished to reform the government 
and service of the Church to a severely plain and 
simple model which they believed to correspond 
with the customs of the earliest Christians. 
(4). Eeligious revolution in Scotland, 1560. 

(a). John Knox: his character and position in the 
history of Great Britain. 

(b). Common Protestantism of the masses of the 
town and agricultural population a bond between 
the English and the Scottish people. 

(c). Scottish reformers aided by Elizabeth in ex- 
pelling the French garrisons who supported the 
authority of Mary, Queen of Scotland, who was 
now the wife of the King of France. 

(d). Protestantism in Scotland, Presbyterian in 
form ; in England, Episcopal in form. 
(5). The Sea Rovers. 

(a). Immense wealth pouring into Spain from the 
mines of Mexico and Peru ; opinion in Europe 



English History 81 

that other regions in the unexplored American 
continent contained mines of equal value. 

(b). Trade with America claimed by the Spainards 
as their absolute monopoly ; this monopoly en- 
forced by the most powerful naval force that the 
world had ever seen. 

(c). Early connection of English sailors with the 
North American coast ; their determination not 
to be driven from the western ocean. 

(d). Peace and alliance With Spain necessary for 
Elizabeth to offset the alliance between France 
and Mary Queen of Scots ; English sailors, conse- 
quently, compelled to fight as pirates for the 
right to sail the Atlantic; their success. 

(e). Wealth and fame gained in this warfare by 
Hawkins, Brake, Frooisher, Raleigh and others. 

(f). Trade between Spain and Mexico driven to the 
circuitous route of the Pacific Ocean and the 
Cape of Good Hope. 

(g). Voyage of Drake into the Pacific and his cir- 
cumnavigation of the world, 1577-1580. 
(6). English Commercial Expansion in various 
directions. 

(a). "Discovery" of Eussia through the White Sea. 

(b). Penetration of Persia to the Persian Gulf via 
the Caspian Sea. 

(c). Trade with the Levant; its dangers; the pirates 
of Barbary. 

(d). The activities of the Inquisition in the ports of 
Spain and southern Italy. 
Note 121. The original narrations of these voyages are 

to be found in Hakluyfs collection, England's "prose 

epic". 

(7). Return of Mary, Queen of Scots (now a widow) 
to Scotland, 1561. 
(a). Eeconcilation with her subjects; the English 
party driven from power. 



82 Outline Study of 

(b). Claim of Mary to the crown of England. 
Note 122. As the heir of an elder sister of Henry VIII, 
Mary was the legal representative of the House of 
Tudor, if, as the Catholic party claimed, the mar- 
riage of Henry to Elizabeth's mother was illegal. 
(8). Marriage of Mary, 1561, to Lord Darnley (an- 
other descendant of her Tudor ancestor, Marga- 
ret, sister of Henry VIII) ; birth of a son, June, 
1566. 

Note 123. This son was, later, James I of England. 

(9). Imprudent conduct of Mary: murder of Darn- 
ley ; Mary seeks refuge in England from the sav- 
age persecution of the Scottish nobility ; is de- 
tained by Elizabeth as a prisoner of State, 1568. 
(10). Eevolt of the Netherlands against the rule of 
Philip of Spain, 1568-1576. 

(a). Determination of Philip to deprive the Nether- 
landers of their ancient liberties ; danger to Eng- 
land in this policy. 

(b). Without breaking the official peace between 
Philip and Elizabeth, English volunteers rein- 
force the insurgent armies as "private adventu- 
rers." 
(11). Eeligious wars in France. 

(a). Decline of French power after 1565 makes 
Philip the recognized leader of the Catholic par- 
ty in western Europe. 

(b). Eevival of Catholicism as a vital and progres- 
sive force. 

(c). The Jesuit society; plan of a universal spiritual 
and physical campaign of conquest against 
Protestantism; belief that England could be 
ranged on the Catholic side if Mary Queen of 
Scots could be made Queen of England, instead 
of Elizabeth. 

(d). Rebellion of the Catholic earls, 1569. 



English History 83 

(e). The "Jesuit Invasion", 1580; execution of 
Campian, the Jesuit martyr. 

(12). Preparations of Philip for the conquest of Eng- 
land. 

(a). Seizure of Portugal by Philip, 1581-1583. 
(b). Open war between Spain and England, after 
1586. 

(c). The sea rovers of the Spanish Main and the 
private adventurers of the Netherlands called 
home and organized as the English Navy and 
Army. 

(d). Destructive raid of Drake in the harbor of 

Cadiz, 1587. 
(e). Preparation of the great Spanish Armada for 
attack on England. 
(13.) Babbington's plot for the Murder of Elizabeth; 
entanglement of Mary, Queen of Scots, in this 
plot. 
(a). Trial and execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, 
February, 1587. 
Note 124. As Mary's son, now James VI of Scotland, 
had been reared in the Protestant faith, a. Catholic 
conquest of England could not be brought about by 
.domestic revolution; besides the Catholic party in 
England was weakened by the defection of many 
good Catholics who declined to assist in making 
their country a Spanish province. 
(14). Sailing of the Great Armada for the conquest 
of England, July 1588. 
(a). The expedition hopeless in view of the impos- 
sibility, after the death of Mary, of its being as- 
sisted by a revolution in England, 
(b). The Armada driven in disorder to the conti- 
nental side of the English Channel by the attacks 
of the English ships. 
(c). Destruction of the Armada when attempting to 



84 Outline Study of 

return to Spain, by rounding the coasts of Scot- 
land and Ireland. 
(15). Last Years of Elizabeth's reign. 

(a). Continuous war with Spain: its character. 
"Note 125. The war party, led by Sir Francis Drake, Sir 
Walter Kaleigh, Earl Essex and others, was con- 
stantly held in check by the great secretaries of Eliz- 
abeth, William Cecil (Lord Burghley) and his son, 
Sir Kobert Cecil ; consequently, no military nor naval 
achievements of striking importance were possible, 
(b). Eesults of the war with Spain. 
I 1 . The definite establishment of England as a 
Protestant power, independent and neutral in 
Continental affairs. 
2\ The assurance of the independence of the 

Netherlands. 
3\ The recognition of England's title to the At- 
lantic coast of North America between Canada 
and Florida (the region named Virginia, from 
the "virgin Queen"). 
4 1 . The final conquest of Ireland by the English. 
Note 126. This conquest was made necessary by the at- 
tempt of the Irish Chiefs O'Neill of Tyrone and Fitz- 
gerald of Desmond to ally themselves with the King 
of Spain. 
(16). Elizabethan Age of English Literature, 
(a). Meaning of the term, 
(b). Connection of this phase of English Literature 

with the actual reign of Elizabeth. 
(c). The language fixed by the art of printing and 
the multiplicity of copies of literary master- 
pieces, 
(d). The English Bible: its successive versions; its 

influence on the language, 
(e). The prose historical chronicles: their influence 
on subsequent literature. 



English History 85 

(f). Poets: — Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, 

Michael Drayton, John Donne, 
(g). The great dramatists: — John Lyly, Christopher 
Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Beaumont, 
Fletcher, Massinger, etc. 
(h.) Prose writers : — The theological arguments of 
Eichard Hooker, philosophical essays of Francis 
Bacon. 
(17). Character of Elizabeth's court. 

(a). Elizabeth essentially a despotic monarch; 
parliament merely an instrument of her govern- 
ment. 
(b). Her secretaries, the ablest statesmen of their 
times, allowed no high rank or independence of 
action, 
(c). Elizabeth's favorites. 
1\ Eobert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, vain and 

arrogant, but a capable soldier. 
2 1 . Eobert Devereaux, Earl of Essex, executed in 

1601 for inciting political tumults. 
3 1 . Walter Ealeigh, soldier, sea rover, and discov- 
erer. 
(18). Death of Elizabeth, March 24, 1603. 
Note 127. At the death of Elizabeth, there was practi- 
cally no alternative but to accept, as heir to the 
the English throne, James VI, the young King of 
Scotland. 

K. THE HOUSE OF STUART. 

L James L 

a. Lived 1566-1625; reigned 1603-1625. 

b. Title to the throne — legal heir of all the Tudor in- 

heritance through his mother, Mary Queen of 

Scots, who was the granddaughter of the eldest 

son of Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII. 

Note 128. The name of Stuart which he transmitted to 

a dynasty of English kings was derived from a 



86 Outline Study of 

remote ancestor who married into the royal family 
of Bruce, early in the 14th century. 
c. The New Era. 

(1). Continued decline of feudalism as a political 

force. 
(2). No longer a necessary connection between nobil- 
ity and land holding. 
(3). The lower ranks of the feudal system of society 
made independent politically by compounding 
their feudal services for money payment. 
(4). The "Commons." 
Note 129. The Commons were the combination of the 
landholders who made land holding a business and 
the great merchants whose operations made the 
building of land holding profitable, 
(a). The Commons assume the political leadership 
of the nation, the position which the great 
barons had formerly held. 
(5). The political power of the Church vanished with 

its political independence. 
(6). The system of government. 

(a). The King, ruling constitutionally, i. e. accord- 
ing to the old English laws as modified by the 
feudal system and the principle of parliamentary 
assent to taxation. 
"Note 130. The power of the crown was, however, prac- 
tically despotic, for, during the Tudor period, the old 
feudal checks on the royal power had lost their 
strength while the commercialized commons had not 
as yet found means to transform into a positive 
force the negative power held by their order under 
the feudal system, 
(b). Parliament: its two "Houses". 

I 1 . The House of Lords, representing the old coun- 
cil of the barons. 
Note 131. Every baron of England (a title which in- 



English History 87 

eluded the higher ranks of the nobility) was a mem- 
ber of this house of parliament in his own right. 
2 1 . The "House of Commons", composed of the 
representatives of the land-holding and mercan- 
tile interests. 
Note 132. The right of representation in the House of 
Commons was not highly valued at this period and 
constituencies often avoided trouble and expense by 
accepting nominees of the crown or of some great 
nobleman as their representatives. The House, how- 
ever, usually reflected the prevailing opinion of the 
commons of England on all questions of importance. 

d. Peculiar position of James as the sovereign of two 
nations which had no desire to become one. 

e. Character of James. 

(1). The first king of England not a soldier. 

(2). A firm Protestant from policy, but disgusted 
"with Puritanism by the arrogance of the Presby- 
terians of Scotland to whom his early training 
had been entrusted. 

f. History of the reign of James I. 

(1). Bitter religious feeling of the time; universal be- 
lief that absolute uniformity in religion was es- 
sential to the safety of the state. 

(a). Persecution of Roman Catholics; Guy Fawkes 
and his "Gunpowder Plot", 1605. 

(b) . The Puritan element in the Church of England ; 
efforts of statesmen of moderate views to make 
the constitution of the Church sufficiently elas- 
tic to retain this element ; opposition of James 
to such effort. 

(c). Sharp enforcement of the "Act of Uniformity"; 
first clash with the House of Commons over this 
question. 
(2). Continued debates between the crown and the 
House of Commons over money questions. 



Outline Study of 

(a). The recognized principle- that the revenue of 
the crown was the grant of parliament often 
violated in practice. 

(b). "Impositions" (customs duties levied by the 
sole authority of the crown.) 

(c). "Benevolences" ("gifts" to the crown by corpo- 
rations and individuals). 

(d). James insists on his right to raise money by 
such means ; refusal of the House of Commons 
to vote regular taxes, 1604-1614. 
(3). Peace between England and Spain; project of 
James for a Spanish alliance. 

(a). James vigorously opposes the attempts of the 
English sailors to renew "beyond the line", the 
unofficial war of the early days of Elizabeth's 
reign. 

(b). Trial, condemnation, and execution of Sir Wal- 
ter Kaleigh, 1618 ; popular indignation in Eng- 
land. 

(c). General belief that the King was selling to 
Spain the interests of his subjects in order to ob- 
tain the revenues which parliament refused to 
grant. 
(4). Beginning of permanent English settlement in 
America ; founding of the colony of Virginia, 
1607, and the colony of Massachusetts, 1620-1628. 
(5). Outbreak of the conflict between the Protestant 
and Catholic princes of Germany, known in his- 
tory as the Thirty Years War, 1618. 

(a) . Family interest of James on the Protestant 
side of this contest, through the Elector Palatine 
of the Ehine, his daughter's husband. 

(b). Family interest of the King of Spain on the 
Catholic side, through his kinsman, the Emperor 
of Germany. 

(c). James prevented by this circumstance from 
profiting by his Spanish alliance ; while the Span- 



English History 89 

ish alliance was so offensive to his subjects that 
parliament refused him the means of saving his 
son-in-law. 
(6), The unpopularity of James and his diplomatic 
and financial embarrassments embolden the 
House of Commons to interfere in the king's 
government. 

(a). The House of Commons prosecutes Lord Bacon 
for corruption. 

(b). Vigorous assertion of the right of the House 
of Commons to control the foreign policy of the 
crown, 1621. 
(7). George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, James's 
favorite minister ; the details of administration 
wholly in his hands. 

(a). Buckingham's project for a marriage between 
Charles, James's son and heir, and a Spanish 
princess ; failure of this plan. 

(b). Marriage of Charles to Henrietta Maria, sister 
of the King of France, arranged 1624. 

(c). Charles and Buckingham make a bid for popu- 
larity by breaking with Spain and sending an ex- 
pedition to the assistance of Germany; failure 
of the expedition, 1624. 

(8). Death of James, March, 1625. 

Charles L 

a. Lived, 1600-1649; reigned 1625 — 1649. 

b. Title to the throne — eldest surviving son of James I. 

c. Chief events in the reign of Charles I. 
(1). Charles and Parliament. 

(a). Bequest of Charles for supplies for the war 
with Spain refused by the House of Commons on 
the ground of lack of confidence in the Duke of 
Buckingham, 1625. 

(b). In the hope of winning popularity by mili- 



90 Outline Study of 

tary success, Charles and Buckingham go to war 
without parliamentary support. 

I 1 . English attack at Cadiz repulsed by the Span- 
iards, 1625. 

2 1 . Embarrassment of the Protestant powers in 
Germany through failure of promised English 
supplies. 

3\ Great expedition under the command of Buck- 
ingham himself in aid of the Protestants of 
Southern France ; its failure, 1627. 

4 1 Money for these disastrous failures raised by 
forced loans enforced by arbitrary imprisonment 
of non contributors. 
(c). Failure of irregular schemes to raise sufficient 
revenue compels Charles to summon parliament, 
1628. 

(d). Beginning of the conflict between Charles and 

the Commons over the power of the crown. 

I 1 . Position of the King. — That the royal power, 

although controlled to some extent by law and 

custom as to the form of its exercise, was, in its 

essence, incapable of legal definition or restraint. 

2\ Position of the House of Commons. — That 

there could be no such thing as rightful power 

to do wrong; and, consequently, the exercise of 

the royal power to the injury of the kingdom, 

was an abuse which the nation must be able to 

check in some manner. 

3\ Demand of the Commons ; "The Petition of 

Eight". 

Note 133. As the price of supply, the House of Commons 

demanded that the king abandon the practice of 

maintaining military forces in time of peace without 

authority of parliament, of raising money by forced 

loans, benevolences, or other irregular taxation, and 

of imprisoning his subjects without alleging legal 

cause. After much delay, the king granted the "Peti- 



English History 91 

tion of Right," and the House of Commons grudg- 
ingly voted a supply of money. 

(e). The refusal of the king to dismiss the Duke 
of Buckingham whom the House of Commons de- 
clared a public enemy ; murder of Buckingham, 
August, 1628. 
(2). Charles tries to establish an absolute monarchy 
in England, 
(a). Sincere belief of Charles that his opponents in 
the House of Commons were factious anarchists 
and that the situation of England demanded a 
form of despotic royal government like the re- 
cently reconstructed monarchy of France, 
(b). Conditions necessary for the establishment of 
an absolute monarchy in England. 
I 1 . The abolition of parliament as a constitutional 

means of expression of national discontent. 
2. 1 The establishment of the Church on a basis of 
absolute spiritual dominance, but so organized 
as to be an instrument in the hands of the king. 
3\ The organization of a modern army dependent 
on the king alone, 
(c). Measures of Charles to create these necessary 
conditions. 
I 1 . Dissolution of parliament, March, 1629 ; im- 
prisonment of the "nine members" of the House 
of Commons. 
2 1 . Reorganization of the Church; Charles resolves 
to purge the Church of its Puritanical elements 
and then, by the utmost rigor of both spiritual 
and temporal laws, to extirpate Puritanism from 
the nation. 
Suggestion 11. Note the intimate connection of Puritan- 
ism, the denial of arbitrary personal authority in 
spiritual affairs, with the spirit of opposition to ar- 
bitrary personal authority in temporal affairs. 
3 1 . 'William Laud, Bishop of London, 1628, Arch- 



92 Outline Study of 

bishop of Canterbury 1633, the chief adviser of 
Charles after the death of Buckingham. 

4 1 . Success of Laud in arousing a spirit of mediae- 
val conservatism against the contemptuous mod- 
ernism of the Puritans. 

5\ Absolute uniformity of Church service and dis- 
cipline rigorously enforced; Puritan Sabbath ob- 
servances prohibited ; Puritan chapels and con- 
venticles suppressed by the utmost rigor of the 
law. 

6 1 . Despair of the Puritans ; establishment of New 
^ England in America as a refuge for the oppressed 

Puritans. 
{(3). Eleven years of despotic monarchy, 1629-1640. 
(a). The Petition of Eight forgotten, 
(b). New systems of irregular taxation put into 
operation through the subserviency of the courts 
of law; Star Chamber fines; Ship Money, an 
ancient resource of the English crown in time 
of sudden naval war, revived. 

I 1 . Trial of John Hampden, a landholder of Buck- 
inghamshire, for refusal to pay ship money 1638 ; 
influence of this trial on subsequent events, 
^c). Attempt of Charles and Laud to reform the 
Presbyterian Church of Scotland on the English 
political model ; open rebellion in Scotland, 
1639. 
t(d) . Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford ; his repu- 
tation as an able and energetic administrator in 
Ireland ; he advises the king to strike energetical- 
ly for the rights of the crown ; raises an army 
and marches for the Scottish border. 

I 1 . The English troops refuse to fight ; Strafford 
proposes to replace them with an Irish army. 

2 1 . Advance of the Scotch army ; the army of 
Strafford scatters before it, 1640 ; Northumberland 
and Durham occupied by the Scotch and held for 
ransom. 



English History 93 

(4). Assembling of the "Long Parliament", Novem- 
ber, 1640 ; its commanding position owing to the 
menace of the Scotch army ; its revolutionary at- 
attitude ; attainder of Strafford. 
(a). Abandoned by the king, Strafford is executed as 

a traitor, May, 1641. 
(b). John Pym the leader of the House of Com- 
mons: his courage, energy, and unrivalled skill 
in political intrigue. 
(c). Eadical reforms; abolition of the fine-extorting 
courts of the Star Chamber and the High Com- 
mission, 
(d). Ship money and all irregular taxes declared 
illegal; the judges who had upheld these taxes 
are punished. 
(e). Parliament declares that the existing House of 
Commons shall exist until it votes its own disso- 
. lution, 1641. 
(f). Laud a prisoner in the Tower. 
Note 134. In 1645 Laud was executed. 

(g). The "Grand Eemonstrance", November, 1641. 
(5). The House of Commons demands that Charles ac- 
cept its leaders as his ministers and that the 
Church be reorganized on a Presbyterian model. 
(6)r. Attempt of Charles to arrest Hampden, Pym, and 
three other leaders of the commons in the House 
itself, January, 1642 ; London in open rebellion. 
Note 135. In all English history, this is the only occa- 
sion upon which the King of England has visited the 
House of Commons in session. 
(7). Civil War. 

(a). Charles retires to the north and the civil war 

begins January 10, 1642. 
(b). The royal standard raised at Nottingham, 
August 2, 1642 ; the militia of London organized 
as a parliamentary army at Windsor under the 



91 Outline Study of 

Earl of Essex; similar rival camps established 
all over England. 

(c). Bloody and indecisive Battle of Edgehill, Octo- 
ber 23, 1642 ; the king occupies Oxford ; move- 
ment of the king towards London repulsed at 
Turnham Green, November 13. 

(d). Indecisive result of the campaign of 1643; 
famous generals. 
I 1 . On the king's side: — the German princes, Mau- 
rice and Eupert, nephews of the king ; Lord Hop- 
ton, Lord Wilmot, and others. 
2 1 . For the parliament: — The Earls of Essex and 
Manchester, Lord Fairfax; Sir William Waller; 
Oliver Cromwell with his troop of horse who 
"made conscience of what they did". 

(e). Indecisive Battle of Newbury, September 20, 
1643. 

(f). "Solemn League and Covenant". 
I 1 . Alarmed at the report that the king was rais- 
ing an army in Ireland to conquer England, par- 
liament makes an alliance with the Presbyterians^ 
of Scotland. 
2 1 . The "Solemn League and Covenant" sub- 
scribed at Westminster, September, 1643. 
3 1 . Prelacy abolished and the Presbyterian form 
of Church government adopted. 

(g.) Decisive victory of Cromwell at Marston Moor, 
July 2, 1644 ; the north of England won for the 
parliament ; the royalist cause holds its own in 
western and central England. 

(h) . Quarrels among the parliamentary leaders. 
I 1 . The "Self-denying Ordinance", April, 1645 (a de- 
vice to get rid of lukewarm and incapable offi- 
cers). 

(i). Fruitless negotiations for peace, January to 
March, 1645. 
(j). The "new model" organization of the army by 



English History 95 

this time a seasoned force of veteran soldiers ; 
only zealous Puritans appointed to command, 
(k). Spectacular victories of Montrose, the king's 
lieutenant, in Scotland, December, 1644 and Feb- 
ruary, 1645. 
(1). Turn of the war. 

1\ Charles in person decisively defeated by the 
"New Model" under Fairfax and Cromwell at 
Naseby, June 14, 1645; defeated by General 
Poyntz at Rowton Heath, near Chester, Septem- 
ber 24. 

2 1 . Montrose, after making himself practically 
master of all Scotland, is defeated by General 
Leslie at PMUphaugh, September 13 ; his army 
annihilated. 

3 1 . Surrender of Charles to the Scotch army, May 
1646 ; brought to London, practically a prisoner, 
June, 1647. 

4 1 . Alliance of the king and the Presbyterians 
against the Independents ; escape of the king to 
the Isle of Wight. 

Note 136. Negotiations for some settlement by which 
the king might retain the crown without the power 
of interfering in the government ended in an alliance 
of the king and the Presbyterians against the Inde- 
pendents, the Puritan extremists who now con- 
trolled the army. 

5 1 . A second civil war terminated by the victory 
of Cromwell and Lambert at Preston in Lan- 
cashire, July 17, 1648 ; triumph of the Inde- 
pendents ; the king again brought to London ; the 
Presbyterian party expelled from parliament by 
"Pride's Purge" ; the House of Lords abolished 
and a high commission appointed to try the king 
on a charge of treason to the nation. 
(8). Trial and execution of Charles, January 30, 1649. 



96 Outline Study of 

X. THE COMMONWEALTH. 

Note 137. The Commonwealth was that period of Eng- 
lish history, during the years 1649 to 1660, when the 
government of England was administered in the name 
of the nation instead of in the name of a reigning 
king. 

1. Government in England after the Death of Charles I. 

a. Administered by various committees of a council of 
state acting in the name of the remnant of the 
House of Commons left after the expulsion of 
the Presbyterian members, the "Rump Parlia- 
ment". 

2. The son of Charles I proclaimed king as Charles II, fay the Presby- 

terians of Scotland and the Roman Catholics of Ireland. 

3. Ireland conquered for the parliament by Cromwell, August, J 649 

to May, J650. 

4. Civil "War in Scotland between the prelatical and Presbyterian ad- 

herents of Charles II; victory of the Presbyterians, 
a. Capture and execution of Montrose, May, 1650; 
Charles declares himself a Presbyterian and 
comes to Scotland in June, 1650. 

5. Cromwell, commander-in-chief of the parliamentary armies, in- 

vades Scotland* 

a. Battle of Dunbar ; annihilation of the Scotch army, 
1650 ; Scotland reduced to the condition, of a 
province of England by Cromwell, and his lieu- 
tenant, Monk, 1650-1651. 

6. With the remnant of his Scottish forces, Charles makes a last effort 

to rally the royalists of England. 

a. Battle of Worcester, September 3, 1651 j end of the 
civil war. 

7. Romantic escape of Charles to the continent. 

8. The fanatic Puritan army in absolute control of the British Islands ; 

Cromwell supreme in the army. 



English History 97 

9. Military despotism cloaked by the continuance of the ** Romp Par- 
liament/' J65J-J652. 

a. Attempt of this parliament to assert its right of in- 
dependent action results in its dissolution by 
military force, April, 1653. 

JO, "Barebones Parliament": its members chosen by the army from 
lists nominated by the religious "congregations"; failure 
of this assembly, 
JJ. "Instrument of Government" formulated by the army, (The 
first example of a written constitution in history), 
a. Cromwell declared "Protector of the Commonwealth" 
for life ; a parliament of one chamber provided 
for. 

J 2, Character of Cromwell, 

a. One of the ablest soldiers and statesmen in English 

history. 

b, His religious and political fanaticism ; his blameless 

and amiable private life. 

J 3, England under Cromwell, 

a. Cromwell's policy of government. 

(1). Its basis, the views and interests of the mercan- 
tile and manufacturing classes of the English 
people. 
Hlote 138. As these classes were not yet socially or polit- 
cally predominant in England, Cromwell and his In- 
strument of Government were maintained in author- 
ity by no other strength than the military force 
which had put them there 
(2). Domestic policy of Cromwell. 

(a). Union of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 
(b). Civil order on the Puritan model enforced by 

military discipline, 
(c). Strict and impartial administration of justice, 
(d). Education encouraged and made popular, 
(e). Keligious toleration for all Protestants except 
the adherents of Episcopalianism. 



98 Outline Study of 

(f). The Independent Church too weakly organized, 
to be a persecuting force. 
(3). The foreign policy of Cromwell. 

(a). Plans the union of Protestant commercial 
power against Catholic^ feudal power. 
2Vo te 139. The obstacle to the success of this policy was 
the rapidly increasing jealousy between the mer- 
chants of England and those of Holland, 
b. History of the Commonwealth Period. 

(1). Foundation of the naval force of England laid. 
(2). Cromwell's admirals: — Blake, Stayner, Penn, and 

Venables. 
(3). Exploits of Blake in the Mediterranean. 
(4). War with Spain; Blake and Stayner destroy the 

Spanish treasure fleets. 
(5). Capture and occupation of the Fortress of 

Dunkirk, 1658. 
(6). Cromwell and the American colonies. 

(a). Growth of the settlements on the North Amer- 
ican coast, 
(b). Capture of Jamaica, 1654; beginning of English 
trade and dominion in the West Indies. 
(7). Crushing weight of the army on rural England, 
(a). The "Major Generals" and the tyranny of mar- 
tial law. 
(8). Discontent of the nation expressed in Cromwell's 
parliament, 
(a). Complaint that no Tudor nor Stuart ever ruled 
so arbitrarily. 
(9). Proposal that Cromwell assume the title of king 
and thus subject himself to the well known 
checks and balances of the feudal system, 
(a). This project vetoed by the opposition of the 
army. 
(10). Establishment of a modified House of Lords. 
(11). Unexpected failure of Cromwell's physical pow- 
ers ; his death, September 3, 1658. 



English History 99 

J4 fl Fall of the Commonwealth* 

a. Cromwell's wish to transmit his power to his son. 

b. Failure of Eichard Cromwell as Protector. 

c. The "Long Parliament" reassembled by the army 

1659. 

d. It is evident that a real successor to Cromwell can 

be developed only by another civil war ; the pros- 
pect of military anarchy intolerable to a nation 
already disgusted with military despotism. 
(1). No alternative but to restore what could be re- 
stored of the feudal monarchy. 
Note 140. At this period democratic self government was 
unknown in Europe and the republican idea was sup- 
posed to be available in practice only for isolated 
walled cities. 
e. The Eestoration of the Stuart Line. 

(1). General belief that a restoration of the Stuart 

line could be effected on a practical basis. 
(2). Negotiations opened with Prince Charles in Hol- 
land. 

(3). Impossibility of opposing the army; hesitation of 
the "Major Generals" ; lack of men of command- 
ing ability. 

(4). George Monk, soldier of fortune, commander-in- 
chief in Scotland, refuses to join the other gen- 
erals in opposing the restoration of civil govern- 
ment. 

(5). Monk is made commander-in-chief of the forces 
by parliament, 1659. 

(6). Monk marches to London with his army of Scot- 
land; dissolves the "Long Parliament"; orders 
the election of a new parliament; arranges the 
restoration of the monarchy in the person of 
Prince Charles. 

(7). The Restoration formally voted by the new par- 
liament, May, 1660. 



100 Outline Study of 

XL STUART MONARCHY CONTINUED. 
(The Restoration*) 

J. Charles II. 

a. Lived 1630-1685; reigned, 1660-1685. 

b. Title to the throne — eldest surviving son of Charles T. 

"Note 141. The death of Charles I was the end of the 
feudal monarchy in England ; subsequent sovereigns 
of England have ruled by virtue of an express or im- 
plied contract with the nation. 

c. The Eestoration Settlement. 

(1) Amnesty for all except a few specially selected; 

individuals who were punished as "regicides." 
(2). The annulment of the legislation of the common 

wealth. 
(3). The disbandment of the military and naval forces 

and the termination of all military government. 
(4). No attempt to define or limit the power of the 

king, but a free parliament to guarantee the 

rights of the nation. 

d. The effect of the Restoration Settlement. 

(1). England, Scotland, and Ireland became again 

three kingdoms under one king. 
(2). The Episcopal form of church government was 
restored in England and Ireland and established 

in Scotland. 
(3). The principle of no taxation except by act of 

parliament accepted to its fullest extent. 

e. Effect of the Rebellion and the Restoration on Eng- 

lish politics. j 

(1). The power of the crown was now regarded by 
moderate men of all parties, not only as the sup- 
port of civil order and the rights of property, 
but as the guarantee of personal and political 
liberty. 



English History 101 

(2). Henceforth the object of liberal and progressive 
politicians was to control, rather than to check 
or abolish, the royal authority. 

f. Personal character of Charles II. 

(1). Profligate, indolent, and utterly unprincipled. 

'Note 142. As Charles valued his position wholly for the 
means of self gratification which it could be made to 
afford, he allowed the nation to drift, unless moved to 
assert himself by personal interest. 

g. Administration of the Earl of Clarendon (represent- 

ing the coalition of moderate cavaliers and mod- 
erate Puritans.) 

(1). Moderate Puritans generally conform to the re- 
established Church. 
(a). Belief that refusal to conform to the national 
Church indicated political disloyalty. 

(2). Severe laws against Eoman Catholic "recusants" 
and Protestant "dissenters". 

"Note 143. The object of these laws was not so much to 
punish individuals as to keep nonconformists from 
acquiring influence and political power. 
(3). Alliance with France. 
(4). War with Holland. 
(5). Deterioration of English military power and 

spirit. 
(6). English ships burned at Chatham by the Dutch 
under De Euyter, July, 1667 ; popular indigna- 
tion ; Clarendon sacrificed by Charles to save him- 
self, 
h.. The administration of the Duke of Buckingham and 
\the "Cabal". 

Note 144. The Cabal was so called from a fanciful ar- 
rangement of the initials of the chief advisers of 
the crown. 
(1). Power and ambition of Louis XIV, King of 
France ; its menace to England. 



102 Outline Study of 

(2). English opinion divided between fear of France* 
and jealousy of Holland, 
(a). Advantage taken of this lack of unanimity in 
national sentiment to make Charles independent 
of Parliament. 

(3). Negotiations for the "triple alliance" of England, 
Holland, and Sweden against France, 1668 ; large 
grant from parliament to support this alliance. 

(4). Secret treaties of Dover by which Charles agreed 
to subordinate the policy of England in all re- 
spects to that of the French King, in return for 
an annual pension. 

(5). No session of parliament for two years. 

(a). During this time, the naval victories of Holland 
were renewed and the treasury became bankrupt, 
1671-1673. 

(6). The Cabal driven from office by an indignant na- 
tion, 1674. 

i. The administration of the Earl of Danby, afterwards 
Duke of Leeds. 
(1). Fears of a Koman Catholic reaction. 

(a). James, Duke of York and heir of Charles, an 

aggressive adherent of the Koman Church, 
(b). Charles himself secretly a Catholic. 
(2). Efforts of Danby to counteract the French and 

Catholic tendencies of the King. 
(3). Marriage of Mary, daughter and heir of the Duke 
of York, to William of Orange, commander of the 
forces of Holland and the recognized leader of 
the Protestant cause on the Continent, 1677. 
(4). Danby's statesmanlike projects frustrated by the 
violence of the extreme Protestant faction, headed 
by the Earl of Shaftesbury. 
(5). The imposter, Titus Oates, and his Popish Plot. 
(a). Judicial murder of hundreds of innocent Roman 
Catholics, 1678-1679. 



English History 103 

(6). Insane attempt to have the Duke of Monmouth, 
an illegitimate son of Charles, recognized as heir 
to the throne. 

(7). The test acts designed to remove Eoman Catho- 
lics from office. 

(8). The Exclusion Bill framed directly to prevent the 
succession of the Duke of York to the throne, 
passed in the House of Commons, 1680, but was 
rejected by the House of Lords, 
j. Two political parties in England. 

(1). First appearance of organized public opinion as 
a political force in England during the contro- 
versy over the Exclusion Bill. 

(2). The Tories, who believed that kings ruled by di- 
vine right and that the rights of the subjects 
were limited to petition remonstrance, or, at 
most, "passive resistance". 

(3). The Whigs, who held that the royal power was 
vested in the king for the good of his kingdom 
and could not be rightfully or legally used to the 
injury of the kingdom's interests. 

Note 145. These party names, originally applied in de- 
rision, continued down to the end of the nineteenth 
" century to designate the two political parties which 
divided English public opinion. 
k. Personal administration of Charles. 

(1). His good nature, tact, and consequent popularity. 

(2). Eeaction in favor of the crown. 

(3). The nation ignorant of the secret treaties which 

bound England to subserviency to France. 
(4). The Rye House Plot to assassinate Charles, 1683. 
(a). Implication of the Whig leaders; execution of 
Algernon Sydney and Lord Eussell. 
(5). Banishment of the Duke of Monmouth. 
(6). Corruption of the courts and of the parliamen- 
tary electorate under pretext of excluding regi- 
cides and fanatics from power. 



104 Outline Study of 

2* Sudden death of Charles, February 6, J 685. 

Suggestion 12. Study the following- topics : — The develop- 
ment of the American settlements of England during 
the reign of Charles II; New Amsterdam taken from 
the Dutch ; Founding of New Jersey, the Carolinas, 
and Pennsylvania. 

3* James II* 

a. Lived 1633-1701 ; reigned 1675-1688. 

b. Title to the throne — only surviving son of Charles I 

and brother of Charles II. 

c. • Personal history of James II. 

(1.) His character well known to the nation through 

his connection with the political controversies of 

his brother's reign. 
(2). His first marriage (Protestant) to Anne Hyde, 

daughter of the Earl of Clarendon, 
(a). Two daughters by this marriage giving hope of 

a Protestant succession. 
(3). His second marriage (Eoman Catholic) to Mary 

of Modena ; as yet childless. 

d. Political position of James II. 

(1). Impossible position of James as the head (a title 
which he deemed blasphemous) of a Church 
which he believed to be heretical. 

(2). He was obliged (in virtue of his oath, to execute 
the laws), to exclude his co-religionists from his 
councils, and from all political power, and even 
to prosecute them as persons dangerous to the 
state. 

(3). Policy of James. 

(a). Himself a firm believer in his office as king by 
"Divine right", he expected his subjects to con- 
sider the situation from that point of view," and, 
ultimately, to put themselves in accord with the 
course which conscience and duty prescribed for 
their sovereign. 



English History 105 

e. Chief events in the reign of James II. 

(1). Protestant rebellions in Scotland under the Duke 

of Argyle. 
(2). Protestant rebellion in the southwest of England 
in the interest of the Duke of Monmouth ; Battle 
of Sedgemoor. 
(a). James loyally supported by the English nation 

against both rebellions, 
(b). Savage ferocity in the suppression of these 
movements ; execution of Argyle and Monmouth, 
(c). Judge Jeffreys and the "Bloody Assizes" in 
Somerset and Devon. 
(3). James violates his promise to give loyal support 
to the established Church of England, 
(a). Attempts to ally the Protestant dissenters with 
the Boman Catholics against the establishment, 
(b). James exercises, through the decision of cor- 
rupt judges, the power to exempt Boman Catho- 
lics from the operation of the test acts, 
(c). James assembles an army, officered by Boman 
Catholics, to overawe the citizens of London. 
(4). Evident intention of James to force a revolution 
in the interest of absolutism and Boman Catholi- 
cism. 
(5). The Declaration of Indulgence. 

'Note 146. The Declaration of Indulgence practically re- 
pealed, by the King's sole authority, the penal 
statutes against Boman Catholics and Protestant 
dissenters. 

(a). This declaration ordered to be read in the 
churches. 

(b). Prosecution of seven bishops of the established 
Church for refusing to obey this order. 

(c). Great national uprising in favor of the bishops ; 
their triumphant acquittal, 1688. 
(6). Growing belief that nothing, but the deposition 
of James could avert a civil war. 



106 Outline Study of 

(7). Negotiations of the Whig leaders with the Prince 
of Orange, husband of James's eldest daughter 
Mary. 

(8). Announcement of the birth of a son and heir to 
James and Mary of Modena, 1688. 
(a). Outcry by tlie Whigs of a conspiracy to force 
a supposititious heir to the throne on the nation. 

(9). Landing of William of Orange with a Protestant 
army, November 5, 1688. 

(10). James, unsupported by any considerable party 
in the nation and deserted by his army, makes 
his escape to France, December, 1688. 

f. General Summary of the Stuart Period. 

(1). The Stuart monarchy the transition period be- 
tween mediaeval and modern history in England, 
(a). This transition less sharp and violent in Eng- 
land than on the Continent. 

Note 147. This fact was partly because of the insular 
position of the country, partly because of the com- 
mercial spirit which united all classes, except the 
very highest and very lowest. 
(2). Flourishing condition of the English nation in 

this period. 
(3). Slight destructive effect of the civil war. 
(4). Trade with the American colonies; with the 
West Indies and the Mediterranean ; rapid de- 
velopment of the East India trade and of Eng- 
lish influence in India and beyond. 
(5). English Literature in the Stuart Period. 

(a.) Survival of the Elizabethan drama; Shakes- 
peare's later work ; Jonson, Beaumont and 
Fletcher, Massinger, etc. 
(b). The authorized version of the Bible; its in- 
fluence on the English language and subsequent 
literature, 
(c). The Philosophers Francis Bacon, Thomas 
Hobbes. 



English History 107 

Suggestion 13. In what language was this class of lit- 
erature written? 
(d). Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy; Clarendon's 
History of the "Great Rebellion"; Theological 
works of Jeremy Taylor and John Milton, 
(e). Literature of the Eestoration. 

I 1 . The epics of Milton: their unique place in 
English literature. 

2\ The poems and dramatic works of John Dry- 
den. 

3\ The corrupt and licentious drama of the Resto- 
ration. 

4 1 . Butler's Hudibras; the philosophical works of 

. John Locke. 

5\ The Diary of Samuel Pepys; the essays of Tem- 
ple and Halifax. 

6\ Fox's Book of Martyrs; Bunyan's Pilgrim's 



XII. THE REVOLUTION AND THE REIGN 
OF QUEEN ANNE. 
J. William in. of Orange and Mary II. 

a. William lived 1650-1702; reigned 1688-1702; Mary 

lived 1662-1694; reigned 1688-1694. 

b. Title to the throne. 

Note 148. William, through his mother, was a grandson 
of Charles I and a nephew of Charles II and James 
II. This, however, gave him no right of inheritance 
against his uncles and their descendants. Mary was 
the eldest daughter of James II and the heir of the 
Stuarts, admitting the right of parliament to exclude 
Boman Catholics from the succession. 

c. Political situation in Europe in 1688. 

(1). Beligious disputes now secondary to the fear of 
the overwhelming and aggressive power of 
France. 

(2). Decay of Spain. 



108 Outline Study of 

(3). Lack of national spirit and organization in Ger- 
many and Italy. 

(4). Remoteness and poverty of the Scandinavian 
states. 

(5). England betrayed to the French King by the 
treacherous policy of Charles and James. 

<(6). Only the Dutch republic between King Louis 
XIV of France and universal dominion. 

^7). Resources of the Dutch inadequate to a land war 
with France. 

(8). Desperate efforts of the Dutch and the Spanish 
government of the Netherlands to create a bar- 
rier against France in the fortified cities of Bel- 
gium. 

(9). Position of William in the Dutch republic. 
<d. Character of William III. 

( 1 ) . A harsh and brusque professional soldier ; his 
life from childhood devoted to resistance to 
French aggression on his native country. 

(2). Autocrat by instinct and training but straight- 
forward, sincere, and capable. 

(3). Eefusal of William to reign in the name of his 
wife. 

e. William and Mary proclaimed sovereigns jointly, 

February, 1689. 

f . Points to be remembered in connection with the "Rev- 

olution". I V, I 

(1). The Revolution a triumph of the commons as a 

class. 

Suggestion 14. What distinction do you make between 

the commons of England and the people of England? 

(2). The House of Commons henceforth the dominant 

power in the government. 
(3). The Bill of Rights (1689) the end of government 
by the prerogative of the crown. 



English History 109: 

(a). Its provisions: — no suspension, dispensation, or- 
other evasion of the law ; no taxes nor fines with- 
out warrant of law ; no military forces except 
as provided by parliament ; unlimited right of 
petition and remonstrance ; no irregular trials 
nor arbitrary punishments ; frequent parliaments 
and free elections. 

Note 149. "Free elections" meant elections free from in- 
terference on the part of the crown, not popular 
elections in the modern sense. The members of the 
House of Commons were nominated by the landhold- 
ers and great mercantile corporations. 

(4). Political parties in the House of Commons. 

(a). The Whigs who promoted and supported the 
Re volution. 

(b). The Tories who were more or less opposed to 
the Eevolution itself or to its necessary conse- 
quences. 

(c). The extreme Tories or Jacobites (from Latin 
"Jacobus", James), who plotted a counter 
revolution to restore the exiled king. 
I 1 . Numbers and boldness of this party ; many of 
William's ministers and officers secretly con- 
nected with it. 

(d). Non-Jurors, the clergy who refused, from rea- 
sons of conscience, to take the oath of alle- 
giance to a revolutionary king. 
I 1 . Consequent schism in the Church. 

(5). Even balance of the Whigs and Tories in the 
House of Commons. 

(6). Impatience of William with party disputes; any 
English politician acceptable to William as a 
minister, provided he could furnish the supplies 
needed for vigorous prosecution of the war with 
France, 
(a). This situation the germ of cabinet government. 



110 Outline Study of 

Note 150. By cabinet government is meant the conduct 
of the king's .government by ministers chosen 
solely for their ability to command the support 
of a majority in the House of Commons. 
(7). Danger of a counter revolution. 

(a). The exiled King James welcomed and promised 

active assistance by the king of France, 
(b). Eefusal of the Roman Catholics of Ireland and 
Scotland to recognize the change of government, 
(c). The Jacobite party strong in England, 
(d). The Protestants take measures to prevent a 
counter revolution. 
I 1 . The Toleration Act, 1689, legalizing the relig- 
ious assemblies of Protestant dissenters. 
2\ Alliance of England with Holland, Spain, and 
Germany against France. 
(8). The Jacobite revolution. 

(a). A French army sent to the assistance of the 

Eoman Catholic Jacobites of Ireland. 
(b). James lands in Ireland, March 1689; assembles 
a parliament at Dublin. 
I 1 . Eesistance of the Protestants ; racial as well 

as religious division of the Irish people. 
2\ Defense of Enniskillen and Londonderry by 

the Protestants of Ulster, 1689. 
3 1 . William leads an English army to Ireland, 
1690; Battle of the Boyne, July, 1690; defeat of 
James ; return of James to France. 
4\ The Irish and French again defeated at Augh- 

rim, July, 1691. 
5\Heroic but futile defense of Limerick by the 
Catholic Irish ; capitulation of Limerick ; end 
of the war, October, 1691. 
6 1 . Revenge of the Protestants ; Roman Catholic 
religion prescribed ; the Catholic Irish reduced to 
servitude so far as law could accomplish such a 
result. 



English History 111 

g. Further events in the reign of William and Mary. 
(1). The War in the Netherlands, 
(a). Events of the war. 

(b). The naval battle off Cape La Hogue, May 19, 
1692 ; William defeated at Steinkirk 1692 ; at Lan- 
den 1693. 
(c). Successful campaigns of the allied forces under 

William in 1695. 
(d). The Peace of Eyswick, October, 1697; its 

terms, 
(e). Great expense incurred by reason of the war; 
financial expedients. 
I 1 . Establishment of the Bank of England, 1694; 
creation of the "public debt". 

Note 151. These transactions mark the beginning of 
modern English finance. 
(2). The Ee volution in Scotland.. 

(a). William and Mary crowned as sovereigns of 

Scotland in London, May 1689. 
(b). The crown of Scotland regarded, henceforth, 
as a mere appendage to the crown of England, 
but the governments are kept distinct, 
(c). The Covenanters. 

(d). Graham of Claverhouse (Viscount Dundee) 
rallies the clans of the Highlands in support of 
King James ; Battle of Killiecrankie ; death of 
Dundee, 1689. 
(e). Massacre of Glemcoe, February 1692; unfortu- 
nate connection of King William with this crime. 
(3). Determination of the House of Commons to with- 
draw from continental politics ; William unable 
to arouse the Commons to action against the 
French violation of the Treaty of Eyswick. 
(4). Death of Queen Mary, 1694; fears for the suc- 
cession. 
(5). Act of Settlement, June, 1701. 



112 Outline Study of 

Note 152. The Act of Settlement provided that in the' 
event of the deaths of William and of Anno 
(younger sister of Mary), without children, the 
crown should pass to the Protestant heirs of 
Sophia, Queen of Hanover, the granddaughter of 
James I, 
(6). War of the Spanish Succession, 
(a). Situation producing the war. 

I 1 . Death of the Spanish king, Charles II, without 
direct heirs. 

2\ The family of the French king, Louis XIV, 
next in succession. 

3 1 . Philip, grandson of King Louis, nominated 
King of x Spain by the will of Charles and accepted 
by the nation. 

4\ The balance of power in Europe as settled by 
the Peace of Eyswick overthrown by this event 
which practically united the Spanish and French 
crowns. 

5\ Spanish fortresses in the Belgian Netherlands 
surrendered to France, 1701. 

6\ Death of the exiled James II of England at . 
St. Germain, near Paris, September, 1701 ; his son 
James proclaimed King of England by the French 
king. 

"Note 153. This James is known in English history as the 

"Old Pretender" and as the "Chevalier de St. George." 

7 1 . Popular opinion in England forces the House 

of Commons to accede to King William's demands 

that Avar be declared against France. 

8 1 . Death of William in the midst of preparations 

for this war, Mar 8, 1702. 

2* Anne* 

a. Lived 1665-1714; reigned 1702-1714. 

b. Title to the throne — daughter of James II and sister 

of Mary II. 



English History 113 

Note 154. Anne was the heir of the Stuarts, admitting 
the right of parliament to exclude Catholics from the 
inheritance. 

Note 155. Anne's husband, Prince George of Denmark, 
who died in 1708, held no official position of royalty 
in England. 

c. Personal history of Anne. 

(1). Her character — strong, but somewhat narrow 
minded, conscientious, straightforward, and fair- 
ly capable. 

(2). Differences of Anne with William and Mary in 
their lifetime. 

(3). Her correspondence with her father; her Tory 
sympathies. 

d. Historical events of Anne's reign. 

(1). The first ministry of Anne composed of moderate 
Tories. 

(a). Policy of the Tories— peace with France as 
soon as purely English interests could be rea- 
sonably safeguarded. 

(b). Policy of the Whigs— continuance of the war 
until all danger of French domination on the 
Continent should be dispelled. 

(2). Personal interest of Anne in the prosecution of 
the war. 

Note 156. Sarah Jennings, Anne's lifelong friend and 
confidential adviser, was the wife of John Churchill, 
Duke of Marlborough, the most ambitious and prom- 
ising officer in the English military service. 

(3). Alignment of the powers of Europe in the War 
of the Spanish Succession, 
(a). With France — Spain, Bavaria, some Roman 
Catholic powers in the Ehine country and North- 
ern Italy. 



114 Outline Study of 

(b). Against France— England, Holland, Denmark,- 
Portugal, some of the Protestant states of Ger- 
many, the German Emperor (whose power was 
now limited to his hereditary dominions of 
Austria) . 

(4). General plan of operations in the war. 

(a). The English, Dutch and west German troops 
under Marlborough operated against the French 
in the Netherlands and on the Ehine. 
(b). The Austrians under the imperial general 
Prince Eugene, of Savoy, attacked the "French, 
Italians, and Bavarians in Italy and on the Dan- 
ube. 

(5). Strong attachment of Anne to the Established 
Church. 

(6). Efforts of Anne and her Tory ministers to bring 
the rigor of the law to bear on Protestant dis- 
senters frustrated by the Whigs in the House of 
Lords, 1702-1703. 

(7). Open and secret opposition of the Tories to the 
war ; consequent alliance of Marlborough with 
the Whigs. 

(8). Brilliant victory of Marlborough and Eugene at 
Bleinheim, August 1704 ; enthusiasm in England ; 
the leading Tories retire from office. 

(9.) The French driven from Flanders by Marlbor- 
ough's victory at Eamillies, May 1706 ; Whigs be- 
come completely dominant in the English gov- 
ernment. 

(10). The Act of Union, 1707; England and Scotland 
become one kingdom by the abolition of the gov- 
ernment and parliament of Scotland and the rep- 
resentation of Scotland in the English parlia- 
ment. 

Note 157. Henceforth, the English parliament was called 
the Parliament of Great Britain. 



English History 115 

(a). This act never really accepted by the clans of 
the Highlands. 

(11). Desperate attack of the French on the Nether- 
lands repulsed by Marlborough and Eugene, 1708. 

(12). Battle of Oudenarde, July 1708. 

(13). Counter attack of the allies on French Fland- 
ers; siege and capture of Lille, 1708. 

(14). Invasion of France; horrible slaughter of both 
armies at Malplaquet, September 1709; the mili- 
tary power of France broken. 

(15). Conservative opposition aroused by the progres- 
sive policy of the Whigs and by their disregard 
of tradition. 

(16). Quarrel of the queen and the Duchess of Marl- 
borough; consequent breaking- of the tie which 
had bound Anne to the Whigs against her per- 
sonal inclinations. 

(17). The Tories insist that all that England had 
fought for was won and that the war was being 
continued merely for the profit of Marlborough 
and the Whigs. 

(18). The Sacheverell Eiots against the Protestant 
dissenters, 1709; evident preponderance of na- 
tional opinion against the Whigs; energy and 
skill of the Tory leaders, Barley, aftenoard Earl 
of Oxford, and St. John, afterward Viscount Bol- 
ingoroke. 
(a). Connection of Harley with the Queen as a rela- 
tive of her new confidante, Abigail Hill (Mrs. 
Masham). 

(19). The Whig members dismissed; the government 
entrusted to Harley and St. John supported by a 
large majority in the House of Commons, 1710. 

(20). Marlborough removed from his command, 1711. 

(21). Negotiations for peace opened notwithstanding 
the protests of England's allies. 



116 Outline Study of 

(22). The Peace of Utrecht, 1712-1714: its terms, 
(a). Philip to be King of Spain but neither he nor 

his descendants ever to be King- of France, 
(b). The Spanish dominions in Italy and the Nether- 
lands ceded to the Emperor, 
(c). Holland guaranteed military supremacy in the 

Netherlands, 
(d). England obtains possession of Newfoundland, 
Nova Scotia, and Gibraltar. 
(23). Eeactionary policy of the Tories. 

(a). Laws to prevent dissenters from evading the 
Test Acts by "occasional conformity", 1711 ; laws 
to close the schools of dissenters, 1714. 
(24). Failing health of the Queen, now a childless 
widow, 
(a). National sentiment turns to the Whigs on sus- 
picion that Bolingbroke is intriguing with the 
Queen's half brother, the "Pretender." 
(25). Death of Anne, August 1, 1714. 

(a). Change of dynasty, in accordance with the Act 
of Settlement and the wishes of the dying Queen, 
accomplished through the co-operation of Whigs 
and moderate Tories. 
e. Literature in the Eeign of Anne. 

(1). Spread of education and the reading habit among 

all classes. 
(2). Eise of the literary profession. 
(3). The great essayists: — 

(a). Addison: his leading position in literary cir- 
cles and as a Whig politician ; the Spectator and 
the character of Sir Roger de Coverley. 
(b) . Steele, a Tory writer, 
(c). Jonathan Swift: his biting and vigorous style: 

Dr. Arbuthnot. 
(d). Viscount Bolingbroke. 

(e). DeFoe: his wonderful but mercenary genius. 
(4). The early poetry of Pope. 



English History 117 

Xm. THE HANOVERIAN KINGS. 
George I. (Elector of Hanover). 

a. Lived 1660-1727; reigned 1714-1727. 

b. Title to the throne. 

Note 158. Through his mother, George I was the grand- 
son of Elizabeth, the daughter of James I, and was 
assumed to be the heir of the Stuarts, Koman 
Catholics being excluded from the inheritance. 

c. Character of George I. 

Note 159. He had lived until middle age the narrow life 
of a petty German autocrat ; he never learned the 
English language, and exercised little direct influence 
of English affairs. 

d. Political tendencies in the early Hanoverian Period. 
(1). The Whig party a close union of the great land- 
owners (the nobility and aristocracy) with the 
commercial and manufacturing interest. 

{2). The Tory party including the mass of the small 

landowners (the "country gentlemen"), the 

clergy, and the interests dependent on these 

classes. 

(3). Social and numerical predominance of the Tories. 

(4). Policy of the Whig leaders tending towards an 

oligarchic republic. 
'{5). Policy of the Tory leaders promoting Jacobite re- 
action. 
(6). Disinclination of the mass of the Tory party to 

follow its leaders to extremes. 
(7). Eesult of this political situation. See Note 160. 
Note 160. The Whigs could not hope to obtain a majority 
of their own in the House of Commons ; the Tories 
had no practical use for the political power they 
possessed. The government was carried on, mean- 
while, by obscure and often unscrupulous politicians 
supported by the wealth of the Whigs and the votes 
of moderate or venal Tories. 



118 Outline Study of 

e. History of the Beign of George I. 
(1). Jacobite uprising in Scotland. 

(a). Firm attachment of the Highland clans to the 

Jacobite interest, 
(b). The Pretender proclaimed King of Scotland, 
(c). End of the uprising. Battle of Sheriff muir,. 
1715. 
(2). Administration of Stanhope and Townshend, 
1714-1717; of Stanhope and Sunderland, 1717- 
1720. 
(a). Eepeal of the reactionary legislation of the lat- 
ter part of the reign of Anne. 
(3). The stock speculation craze: its nature and ef- 
fects, 
(a). Bursting of the "South Sea Bubble", 1720; un- 
fortunate connection with this swindle of many 
politicians high in office, 
(b). Affairs of finance henceforth one of the chief 
concerns of government. 
(4). Bobert Walpole, ruler of England as prime min- 
ister, 1721-1742. 
(a). Aims of his administration. 
I 1 . Domestic quiet and promotion of trade and in- 
dustry. 
2 1 . Avoidance of continental quarrels without es- 
sential loss to England's diplomatic military 
prestige. 
(b). Methods of his administration. 
I 1 . Neutralizing opposition by a system of organ- 
ized corruption of English political life, 
(c). Eesults of this policy. 
I 1 . Political privileges and political offices became 

commercial assets. 
2 1 . A vote as an elector was worth something to its 

possessor. ^ 

3 1 . A seat in the House of Commons was a fortune. 



English History 119 

4 1 . Every office of emolument under the govern- 
ment was paid for in money or influence and 
might be bartered or sold like any other prop- 
erty, 
(d). Increasingly narrow and coarse life of the 
English people in consequence of unchecked com- 
mercialism and the prevailing corruption of pol- 
itics. 
(5). Death of George I, June 11, 1727. 

2, George IL 

a. Lived 1683-1760; reigned 1727-1760 

b. Title to the thrones-only son of George I. 

c. Character of George II.— A German like his father; 

his Hanoverian dominions his chief care ; fond of 
details of business and willing to execute the 
plans of abler men ; a capable soldier of the Ger- 
man "drill sergeant" type. 

d. Political condition of England. 

(1). Absolute power of Walpole supported by the Whig 
landed and commercial interests. 

(2). Establishment of the principle of full responsi- 
bility of the prime minister including the power 
of appointment of other ministers. 

(3). Political degradation and stagnation favor re- 
action. 

(4). Opposition developed within the Whig party but 
directed by Tories; opposition supported by the 
Prince of Wales, after 1737. 

e. History of the Reign of George II. 

(1). War with Spain forced upon Walpole by the Eng- 
lish commercial interests, 1739. 

(2). Naval expedition to the West Indies and the 
Spanish main of America, 
(a). Disastrous defeat of the British army and navy 
at Cartagena on the north coast of South Amer- 
ica, 1741. 



120 Outline Study of 

(b). Walpole, blamed for the insufficiency of the 
forces, retires from office, 1742. 
(3). War of the Austrian Succession. 

(a). Its causes. 
I 1 . Ambition of the rising- power of Prussia. 
2 1 . The old rivalry between France and Austria 
and renewed fears of French domination. 

(b). Alignment of powers. 
1\ France, Prussia, Spain and Bavaria against 
Austria, England, Holland, Hanover, Saxony and 
Kussia. 

(c). King George of England takes leading part in 
this war. 

(d). Victory of King George at Dettingen, June, 
1743. 

(e). Defeat of the Dutch and English at Fontenoy, 
May 1745. 

(f). Siege and capture of Louisburg in French Can- 
ada by the English colonists, 1745. 

(g). Capture of Madras in India by the French, 
1748. ■ 

(h). End of the war by the Peace of Aix la Chapelle, 
1748 ; neither glory nor profit gained by the Brit- 
ish. 
(4). Jacobite uprising in Scotland. 

(a). Charles Edward Stuart, known in English his- 
tory as the "Young Pretender," eldest son of the 
exiled James : his popularity and varied accom- 
plishments. 

(b). Project for an invasion of England by Charles 
Edward with a French Army frustrated by a 
storm, 1744. 

(c). Charles Edward resolves to make use of the 
Jacobite army always under arms among the 
Highland clans; he lands in the Highlands, 
August 19, 1745. 

(d). Defeats the English under Sir John Cope at 



English History 121 

Prestonpans, September 20 but fails to take Edin- 
burgh castle. 

(e). Crosses the English border and takes Carlisle 
in November; arrives at Derby, within two days 
march of London. 

(f ) . Finding no support, he returns to Scotland ; his 
army annihilated at Culloden, April 16, 1746. Eo- 
mantic escape of Charles Edward. 

(g) . End of Highland independence ; abolition of the 
clan system and other distinctive features of 
Highland life so far as such a result could be ac- 
complished by law. 

TVote 161. With the death of the "Old Pretender" at 
Rome in 1766, and that of the "Young Pretender" at 
the same place in 1788, the house of Stuart disap- 
peared from history. 
(5). Social condition of England at this period, 
(a.) Sense of responsibility and the habit of inde- 
pendent thinking among the lower classes of 
feudal society in England. 

"Note 162. Feudal relations at this period had become 
merely nominal owing to the system of tenant farm- 
ing and the universal custom of commuting feudal 
dues and services to a fixed payment, 
(b). The masses of the English people less affected 
than the higher ranks of society by the corrupt- 
ing materialism of the age. 
(c). The preaching of George Whitefield (1736- 

1739) and of John Wesley (1725-1791). 
(d). The Methodist system of religion established 
by these preachers and organized by Wesley. In- 
fluence of methodism in English town life. 
(e). Political power in England regarded as the ex- 
clusive privilege of wealth; the nobility merely 
landholders of greater wealth and influence than 
the country gentlemen and commercial magnates 
who were grouped as the Commons of England. 



122 Outline Study of 

(f). Impossibility of preventing the masses of the, 
population from holding and expressing opinions 
on political affairs. 
I 1 . Consequent appearance of "popular opinion'' 
and the "national conscience" as political factors, 
supplementing, or even opposing, the constitution- 
al powers of king, lords, and commons. 

(6). William Pitt (Known in English history as the 
elder Pitt and the Earl of Chatham). 

(a). His origin and early political career; his oppo- 
sition to Walpole gives him popular reputation 
as an orator and a patriot. 

(b). Given ministerial office in 1846 ; sets an example 
of personal integrity in an age when the profits 
of peculation were openly estimated as part of 
the cash value of a public office. 

(c). In 1750, regarded as the champion of patriotic 
ideals against the system of government by cor- 
ruption represented by the prime minister, Henry 
Pelham. 
(7). Appearance of "world politics" as a disturbing 
factor in the policies of European governments. 

(a). Even balance of the colonial establishments of 
France and England in North America and in the 
peninsula of Hindustan. 

(b). Incessant petty warfare between the native al- 
lies of the two states in both regions. 
(8). Beginning of the "Seven Years" War in Europe 
and America. 

(a) . Attempt of the British fleet to prevent military 
reinforcements from reaching the French garri- 
sons in Canada brings on war 1775. 
I 1 . Defeat of Braddock in North America, 1775. 

(b). Defeat of the British fleet under Admiral Byng, 
in the Mediterranean, off Minorca, May, 1756. 

(c). Surrender of the British garrison in Minorca. 



English History 123 

(d). Popular indignation in England at revelations 
of incompetence and inefficiency in all government 
services. 
I 1 . Trial, condemnation and execution of Byng, 
1757. Public opinion compels the Whigs to ac- 
cept Pitt as prime minister, June 1757. 

(9). Beginnings of War in the East. 

(a). Capture of Calcutta in India, 1755. 
(10.) Administration of Pitt, 1757-1761. (The most 
glorious years in English history so far as exter- 
nal relations are concerned.) 
(a). War in the East. 
I 1 . Victory of Clive at Plassey resulting in the 

conquest of Bengal, June, 1757. 
2\ Capture of Pondicherry, January 1761, a crush- 
ing blow to French power in India. 
(b). "Seven Years War," continued. 
I 1 . Battle of Minden ; re-establishment of British 

military prestige on the Continent, August, 1759. 
2\ Battle of Quebec, September 1759, resulting in 
the annihilation of the French power on the 
North American continent, 1760. 
3\ Victory of Admiral Hawke in Quiberon Bay, 
November 1759 ; destruction of the naval power of 
France. 
4 1 . Decisive battles of the "Seven Years War" in 
Europe during which Prussia with British Aus- 
tria became, under Frederic the Great, firmly es- 
tablished as a great power. 

"Note 163. England in 1760 was beyond dispute, the 
greatest maritime and colonial power in the world. 
(11). Death of George II, October, 1760. 

Note 164. At the death of George II an English-speaking 
sovereign came to the throne of England, which, 
since the death of Anne, had been occupied by aliens 
in speech and feeling. 



124 Outline Study of 

3. George III. 

a. Lived 1738-1820; reigned 1760-1820. 

b. Title to the throne — grandson of George II and eldest 

son of Frederic, Prince^ of Wales, who died in 
1751. 

c. Character and abilities of the young king. 

(1). His belief that the king of Great Britain should 
personally exercise his constitutional powers. 

(2). His project of using the , patronage of the crown 
for the support of the royal power, instead of 
allowing ministers to use it for their own benefit. 

•d. Political condition of the kingdom. 

(1). The group of landowners and commercial mag- 
nates controlling the House of Commons anxious 
for peace that they might rid themselves of Pitt. 

(2). Pitt open to the charge of prolonging war in or- 
der to retain his power ; popular opinion strong- 
ly in favor of Pitt. 

(3). Balance of power in the House of Commons pro- 
cured by the king through the formation of a 
"King's Party", consisting of members secured 
through unscrupulous use of crown patronage 
united with the remnant of the Tory party. 

e. History of the reign of George III. 

(1). The "King's Party", supported by the Whig oppo- 
nents of Pitt, forces Pitt's resignation, October, 
1761 

<(2). The Earl of Bute, the king's confidant, prime 
minister. 

t(3). Pitt goes to the House of Lords as the Earl of 
Chatham. 

(4). Arbitrary measures of the king and Bute; the 
parliamentary majority of the Whigs, based on 
corruption, crumbles away before the combined 
corruption and threats of the crown, 



English History 125 

(5). General peace, 1763 ; the king supreme in the gov- 
ernment. 

(6). Appeal of the Whigs to popular opinion against 
arbitrary government ; resignation of the Earl 
of Bute, 1763. 

(7). George Grenville, leader of the King's Party 
in the House of Commons, becomes prime min- 
ister. 

(8). The dispute with America. 
(a). The American colonies. 

Note 165. Fourteen self-governing colonies covered the 
Atlantic coast of North America from the Gulf of 
Saint Lawrence to Florida. The inhabitants of these 
colonies were British subjects and the language, so- 
cial customs, and laws of England were generally 
prevalent ; but each colony jealously guarded its social 
and political individuality. 

I 1 . Social conditions : — predominance of native col- 
onials ; rapid divergence of the native colonial 
stock from the habits and thoughts of English- 
men; failure of all attempts to transplant the 
feudal system to America ; society in the colonies 
essentially democratic. 
2\ Political conditions : — national development not 
contemplated in the plan of government of these 
colonies ; incessant controversy on questions of 
taxation between the governors, who were sent 
from England, and the representative assemblies 
of the colonies. 

Note 166. The colonists, represented by their assemblies, 
argued that exemption from arbitrary taxation was 
the inherent right of an Englishman, and that their 
colonial assemblies stood in the same relation to the 
colonial governors as the British parliament to the 
crown. On the other hand, the British statesmen, rep- 
resented by the colonial governors, argued that the 



126 Outline Study of 

rights of the English commons were feudal rights 
which the colonists, who rendered no feudal service, 
could not share ; that the colonial assemblies were 
established for the convenience of the royal governors 
not as a check on their authority. 

3 1 . General disposition to avoid the constitutional 
question raised by these controversies ; the con- 
troversies themselves usually over petty questions 
of local expenditure and capable of compromise. 
(b). Effects of the extinction of French power on 
the American continent as the result of the Brit- 
ish conquest of Canada. 
I 1 . The colonists aroused to a sense of their own 

power and importance. 
2 1 . British statesmen awakened to the value of the 
American possessions and to the need of a defi- 
nite system of government for America. 
3 1 . Accentuation of the social and political differ- 
ences between colonials and Englishmen 
(c). The Stamp Act, 1765. 

Note 167. The Stamp Act was a tentative measure de- 
signed to bring home to the colonists the fact that 
they were British subjects without seriously interfer- 
ing with local independence. 

I 1 . Unanimous and determined refusal of the colo- 
nials to obey the act. 
2\ Benjamin Franklin. 
3 1 . Cause of the colonials supported by the forces 

fighting for political reform in England. 
4 1 . Eepeal of the Stamp Act, 1766. 
(d) . Dismissal of Grenville ; The Marquis of Eock- 
ingham prime minister. 
1\ Efforts at reconciliation between the king and 

the Whigs. 
2\ The defiant attitude of the Americans. 
3 1 Downfall of the Bockingham ministry, August 
1766. 



English History 127 

(e). Pitt, although incapacitated by illness, forced 

to assume the responsibility of prime minister. 
(f). Townshend, the minister of finance, adopts the 
policy of establishing customs houses in American 
ports and collecting duties in them under the 
British law, for the benefit of the British treas- 
ury, 1767. 

I 1 . The Americans plan armed resistance, 
(g) . The death of Townsend ; continued illness of 
the Earl of Chatham ; The Duke of Grafton prime 
minister. 
(h). Condition of England in 1770. 

1\ The Whigs helpless from lack of efficient lead- 
ership. 

2\ Unpopularity of all the prominent politicians. 

3 1 . General irritation at the continued defiance of 
British authority in America. 

4 1 . Scurrilous attacks on public men and measures ; 
John Wilkes ; the "Junius Letters" ; futile efforts 
of the government to suppress such writings ; the 
right of free political discussion established. 

5 1 . The personal intervention of the king in the 
political situation generally welcomed. 

6\ Lord North accepts the office of prime minister 
as the personal representative of the king, March 
1770 ; King George and Lord North determine to 
reduce the American colonists to submission. 
(i). The American Eevolution. 

I 1 . Four years of smoldering rebellion followed by 
the attack of the Massachusetts militia on the 
British garrison of Boston, the skirmish at Lex- 
ington, April 19, 1775, and the Battle of Bunker 
Hill, June 17, 1775. 

2 1 . Union of thirteen colonies in the Continental 
Congress. 

3 1 . George Washington of Virginia given general 
command of the American forces, July 1775. 



128 Outline Study of 

4 1 . Nova Scotia remains loyal to the British con- 
nection. 

5 1 . Failure of American efforts to conquer Canada ; 
evacuation of Boston, March 1776. 

6 1 . Declaration of Independence of the thirteen col- 
onies, July 4, 1776. 

7 1 . Defeat of Washington's army in the vicinity of 
New York ; occupation of New York by the Brit- 
ish; Washington retires south of the Delaware, 
November 1776. 

8 1 . Varying events of the war from 1776-1778 :— In- 
vasion of New York by the British from Canada ; 
Battle of Saratoga ; surrender of the British to 
the American general, Gates, 1777. 

9 1 . Alliance of France and Spain with the Ameri- 
cans, 1778. 

10 1 . Indecisive character of military and naval 
manoeuvres 1778-1781, owing to the vast field of 
operations ; Washington and Eochambeau besiege 
Cornwallis in Yorktown; Cornwallis surrenders, 
October 19, 1781. 
(j). Eecognition of American independence; peace 
with France. 

f . English Literature in the Hanoverian Period. 

(1). Poetry. 

(a). Alexander Pope: his overpowering influence on 
his contemporaries and the succeeding generation, 
(b). Thomson, Collins, Gray, 
(c). The minor poets. 

(2). Prose Literature. 

(a). The novel: novelists of the period. 

(b). Samuel Johnson; Oliver Goldsmith; the great 
historians, Hume, Gibbon, etc. 

(c). The "Letters" of Lord Chesterfield, Horace Wal- 
pole, and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu ; the me- 
moirs of Fanny Burney and Lord Hervey. 



English History 129 

(d). The theologians; the economic philosophy of 
Adam Smith ; the practical philosophy of Edmund 
Burke ; the speculative philosophy of Bishop 
Berkeley. 

Suggestion 15. Note the signs of the coming revolution 
in the atheistical arguments of Paine and Priestley 
and in the insurgent spirit pervading the Scottish dia- 
lect poetry of Eobert Burns. 

XIV. THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA. 
George JII* (Continuation of his feign)* 

a. Alignment of political parties after the American War. 
(1). Tories, the friends of the king. 

(a). Active leader of the Tories, William Pitt, young- 
er son of the Earl of Chatham. (Known in his- 
tory as the younger Pitt). 
(b). The idea of limiting the power of the king to 
increase the influence of a commercial oligarchy 
no longer especially attractive to progressive 
minds ; consequent adherence of many progressive 
and liberal politicians to the Tory party. 
(2). Whigs, the party of landed and corporate wealth. 
-(a). Leading advocate and spokesman of the Whigs, 
Edmund Burke. 

b. The British Empire in the East Indies. 

(1). A rapidly growing British Empire in the East 
Indies some compensation for the loss of the 
British Empire in America. 

(2). The East India Company; its privileges and royal- 
ties ; absolute master of the princes of India and 
their subjects. 

(3). Corruption and abuses of the officials of the com- 
pany in India ; enormous fortunes brought to 
England and used for social and political corrup- 
tion. 



130 Outline Study of 

(4). Burke's India Bill of 1783 designed to give the 
control of the East India Company and its em- 
pire to the Whig politicians. 

(a). The bill defeated by^the king's influence; dis- 
missal of the Whig ministry ; William Pitt made 
prime minister, December 1783. 

(5). Continued efforts of Burke to reform the Indian 
administration. 

(6). Impeachment of Warren Hastings, 1788. 

c. The French Eevolution. 
(1). Its nature. 

Note 168. The sudden and violent overthrow of the 
Feudal monarchy in France was quickly followed 
by the collapse of all government and social organ- 
ization. 

(2). Results of the Revolution in France. 

Note 169. The enthusiastic revolutionists, in the first 
flush of their success, believed that they had demon- 
strated the pernicious uselessness of all organized 
government and complex social system. They urged 
the nations of Europe to imitate their example, shake 
off the fetters with which mediaeval ignorance had 
bound the human race, and spread the blessings of 
liberty, equality, and fraternity throughout the civ- 
ilized world. It was the destruction, not the reform- 
ation, of existing systems which these enthusiasts 
urged. From this point of view, the limited mon- 
archy of. Great Britain and the organized democra- 
cy of the United States of America were as 
absurdly tyrannical as the paternal despotism of 
Prussia or the irresponsible governments of the 
petty states of Italy. 

(3). Effect of the French Eevolution on British pol- 
ities. 



English History 131 

Note 170. The language and methods of argument of 
the French revolutionists were adopted by the rad- 
ical English reformers, whose leading spokesman in 
parliament was Charles James Fox. 
(a). Alarm at the manifestation of revolutionary 
spirit in England obliterates the distinction be- 
tween Whig and Tory, 
(b). A united front presented by the privileged and 
wealthy classes with their dependents against 
any concession to the spirit of democracy, 1789- 
1792. 

(4). Progress of the Eevolution in France. 

(a). Execution of the king and queen of France; 
the Eeign of Terror. 

(b). Coalition of the great powers of Europe, in- 
cluding Great Britain, to restore the ancient 
monarchy of France, 1792-1793. 

(c). The allies beaten back from the French fron- 
tiers ; Belgium and Holland united to France, 
1793-1795. 

(5). Alarm of the governing classes in England in- 
creases to panic fear ; Habeas Corpus Act sus- 
pended ; advocates of republican ideas and theo- 
ries prosecuted as traitors. 

(6). Disastrous failure of a British military expedi- 
tion to Holland, 1794-1795. 

(7). Defeat of the French fleet by the British under 
Howe off the French coast, June 1, 1794. 

d. War with France. 

(1). Peril of the British nation, 1795-1798. 

(a). Withdrawal of Prussia and Spain from the 
coalition ; open rebellion in Ireland ; the British 
navy permeated with seditious spirit unable to 
prevent a French fleet from sailing for Ireland 
1796 ; failure of the invasion, 
(b). Spanish fleet sailing to join the French fleet 
defeated off Cape St. Vincent, 1797. 



132 Outline Study of 

(c). Mutiny in the British fleets at the Nore andt 
Spithead, 1797 ; naval discipline restored. 

(2). The Dutch fleet defeated off Camperdown, Octo^ 
ber 11, 1797 ; seizure by the British of the Dutch, 
colonies of the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon and. 
Java. 

(3). New Phase of the War. 

(a). Bevolutionary fervor of the French armiesi 
gives place to lust of conquest and military anh 
bition. 

(b). Conquest of Italy by the French general, Na- 
poleon Bonaparte, 1796-1797. 

(c). Arrogance and rapacity of the French; Eng- 
land isolated by the submission of Austria to 
Bonaparte, 1797. 

(d). Bonaparte seizes Malta and invades Egypt^ 
July 1798 ; is cut off from Europe by the destruc- 
tion of the French fleet by the British under 
Nelson at the Battle of the Nile, August 1797. 

(e). Bonaparte, leaving his army in Egypt, returns 
to France and makes himself master of the 
French government as First Consul, September % 
1799. 

(f). Napoleon again attacks the Austrians in Italy j 
Battle of Marengo, 1800. 

(4). British commerce: effect of the long war. 

(a). British generally superior at sea; dominant in 
the East and West Indies and in the Mediterra- 
nean; impotence of the British land forces ow- 
ing to lack of numbers, organization, and leader- 
ship. 

(b). Nothing to prevent the power or the fear of 
France from destroying British trade in western- 
and central Europe. 



English History 133 

(c). Efforts of the British to retaliate by excluding 
French commerce from the sea ; the British navy 
claims the right to seize French goods on neutral 
ships. 
I 1 . Alliance of Eussia, Sweden and Denmark to 
enforce the rights of neutrals ; this alliance 
broken by the destruction of the Danish fleet 
by Nelson at Copenhagen, April 1801. 

{5). General peace on the Continent, 1800. 

(6). Eetirement of Pitt from the ministry, 1801. 

(7). Treaty of Peace between England and France 
(Peace of Amiens) 1802. 

(8). Eenewal of the war between England and 
France, 1803. 
{a). Napoleon plans to invade England, 1803-1804; 
assembles a French army on the channel coast 
for the invasion ; alliance of Spain with France. 
'(b). National enthusiasm in Great Britain favors 
resistance to French aggression; Pitt recalled 
to the prime ministry, 1804. 
{c). Coalition of Great Britain, Austria, and Eus- 
sia against Bonaparte, now Napoleon I, Emperor 
of the French, 1805. 
'(d). Napoleon leads his army of England into cen- 
tral Europe ; victories of Ulm and Austerlitz, 
1805 ; the allied French and Spanish fleets de- 
stroyed by Nelson at Trafalgar, 1805 ; death of 
Nelson ; British superiority at sea becomes su- 
premacy. 

(9). Death of Pitt, 1806. 

Note 171. The administration of Pitt is memorable, not 
only for the determined resistance of the British na- 
tion under his leadership against Napoleon and 
French ambition, but for the union of Great Britain 
and Ireland under one system of government, 1800. 
(10). Commercial war. 



134 Outline Study of 

(a) . The Berlin and Milan decrees of Napoleon, 
1806-1807. British, commerce excluded from the 
continent of Europe, 
(b). Second war with the United States. . "The War 
of 1812." 

I 1 . The arrogance of British naval officers in en- 
forcing the British claim of right to search neu- 
tral ships for goods of the enemy brings on war 
with the United States of America, 1812. 

2 1 . American invasion of Canada repulsed ; block- 
ade of American ports ; burning of the American 
capital, 1814. 

3 1 . Success of the Americans in naval battles ; 
enormous damage to British commerce by Amer- 
ican privateers ; defeat of the British by General 
Andrew Jackson at New Orleans, 1815. 

4 1 . Conditions before the war unchanged by the- 
peace, 1815. 

(11). End of the Napoleonic Wars. 

(a). Uprising in the Spanish peninsula against the 
French, 1803, gives opportunity for the employ- 
ment of British military force against Napoleon. 

(b). Sir Arthur Wellesley, later the Duke of Wel- 
lington, defeats the French armies in Spain, 
1812 ; defeats the French under Napoleon's- 
brother Joseph (made King of Spain by 'Napo- 
leon), 1813; the French evacuate Spain; Wel- 
lington follows the French across the Pyrenees 
into France, 1813. 

(c). Paris captured by the Russian and German en- 
emies of Napoleon, 1814; abdication of Napoleon; 
restoration of the French monarchy ; Napoleon 
banished to Elba. 

(d). Napoleon escapes from Elba and again seizes 
the government of France ; marches against the 
British and Dutch armies under Wellington and 
the Prussians under Blucher in Belgium. 



English History 135 

(e). The army of Napoleon destroyed by Welling- 
ton and Blucher in the campaign of Waterloo, 
June 1815. 

(f). Surrender of Napoleon to the British and his 
imprisonment at St. Helena. 

The regency of George, Prince of Wales, in the name 

of the insane king, George III. (1811-1820.) 

(1). Government by the Tory party; Lord Castlereagh 

the dominant power in English politics. 
(2). Condition of Europe after the subsidence of the 
revolutionary and Napoleonic deluge. 

(a). Old national boundaries and forms of govern- 
ment generally restored by the Congress of 
Vienna, 1815. 

(b). France, Italy, the Netherlands, and western 
Germany willing to submit to orderly govern- 
ment but determined to resist any attempt to re- 
impose the old feudal shackles. 

(c). The King of Prussia and the Emperor of Aus- 
tria united in "holy alliance" with the vast and 
barbaric power of the Emperor of Bussia against 
all manifestation of revolutionary sentiment and, 
ultimately against all liberal ideas. 

(d). Great Britain held in agreement with the holy 
alliance by the policy of its ruling class. 

(e). Industrial and economic revolution in Great 
Britain. 
I 1 . Effected by the increasing use of manufactur- 
ing machinery and by the growth of large man- 
ufacturing towns. 
2 1 . The House of Commons representing only 
landowners and mercantile corporations, wholly 
without sympathy for the manufacturing classes. 
3\ Cost of living in towns artificially increased 
by protective duties on imported grain ; 
misery of the town population in consequence of 
irregular employment and high cost of living. 



136 Outline Study of 

4 1 . Disorder and mob violence ; the Luddite out- 
rages, 1811-1814. 

5 1 . Eepression of industrial discontent arouses a 
revolutionary spirit ; armed uprisings in various 
parts of the country, 1818-1819. 

6 1 . "Manchester Massacre", August 16, 1819 ; de- 
mand for representation of the manufacturing 
towns in the House of Commons. 

7 1 . Severe repressive measures of the government : 
- — suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act ; prohib- 
itive taxation of newspapers ; the "Six Acts", No- 
vember 1819, prohibiting military training, re- 
stricting public meetings, etc. 

f. Death of the aged King George III, February 23, 

1825. 

2. George IV. 

a. Lived 1762-1830; reigned 1820-1830. 

b. Title to the throne — eldest son of George III. 

c. Character of the king — selfish, reckless, pleasure lov- 

ing, worn out by dissipation before his accession 
to the throne ; of little account as a political fac- 
tor except so far as the personal unpopularity 
of the king intensified the opposition to the gov- 
ernment. 

d. History of the reign of George IV. 

(1). Quarrels of King George with his queen, Caroline 

of Brunswick ; popular sympathy with the queen ; 

the Whig leaders in parliament defeat the plans 

of the king and his ministers for divorcing the 

queen by act of parliament. 
(2). Death of Castlereagh, 1822; George Canning his 

successor as the actual director of the policy of 

British government. 
(3). More liberal policy in foreign affairs; break with 

the Holy Alliance ; national uprisings in Spain, 



English History 137 

Portugal, South America, and Greece favored by 
the British government. 

(4). The Monroe Doctrine of the United States of 
America assuring the predominance of free pop- 
ular government in both the American conti- 
nents, supported, if not suggested, by Canning. 

(5). Eestoration of party balance in politics; the con- 
servative Tory party opposed by a liberal reform- 
ing Whig party. 

(6). Demands of the reformers. 

(a). Parliamentary reform to make the House of 

Commons fairly representative of the nation, 
(b). Repeal of the protective "Corn Laws" to reduce 

the cost of food, 
(c). Eemoval of the political disabilities of the Ro- 
man Catholics, that Ireland might enjoy some 
measure of self government, 
(d). Abolition of slavery in the colonies. 

(7). The willingness of Canning and the more liberal 
members of the government to make some con- 
cession to these demands is defeated by the un- 
yielding opposition of the House of Lords. 

(8). Formidable, thoug'h orderly, conspiracy in Ireland 
to enforce the claim of Roman Catholics to po- 
litical rights ; Daniel O'Connell and his Catholic 
Association. 

(9). The British government compelled to choose be- 
tween yielding to the demands of the Association 
or waging a war of extermination against the 
Irish people. 

(10). Passage of the Catholic Emancipation Act, 1829. 

(11). Death of King George, June 26, 1830. 

3. William IV. 

a. Lived 1765-1837; reigned 1830-1837. 

b. Title to the throne, — eldest surviving son of George 

III. 



138 Outline Study of 

Note 172. Princess Charlotte, the only child of George 
IV, died in 1817. 

c. Character of William IV. — An infirm old man, trained 

as a sailor ; not personally unpopular ; a reac- 
tionary by nature, but timid and irresolute. 

d. History of the reign of William IV. 

(1). Popular discontent at the delay of reform ap- 
proaches the point of revolution. 

(2). Dissensions between Reactionary Tories who 
wished to keep down discontent by ferce, and 
Liberal Tories who were willing to concede and 
compromise. 

(3). Revolution in France; overthrow of the reaction- 
ary monarchy. 

(4). The Whigs, as the party of reform, entrusted 
with the government, 1830. 

Note 173. At this period the Whig leaders were Earl 
Grey, prime minister ; Lord Brougham ; Lord John 
Eussell and others. During the discussion of the re- 
form measures of this period, the names Conserva- 
tive and Liberal took the place of the old party desig- 
nations, "Tory" and "Whig". 
(5). Parliamentary reform. 

(a). Demand of the radical reformers for the estab- 
lishment of electoral districts to be represented 
on some definite basis of population or wealth. 

Note 174. The British parliament, at this period, was 
merely an outgrown adjunct of the feudal system, 
originally organized to represent classes and inter- 
ests, not territory nor population. The membership 
of the House of Commons was apportioned among 
constituencies for the most part arbitrarily selected 
and there had been little or no change in the basis 
of apportionment since the time of the Tudors. "Rot- 
ten" or "pocket" boroughs (mere villages, in some 



English History 139 

cases the remains of ancient towns of importance) 

each sent, by traditional right, two members to the 

House of Commons. The right of election of these 

members was the absolute and unquestioned property 

of private individuals. 

(b). The plan of electoral districts regarded as rev- 
olutionary and subversive of the underlying 
principles of the English monarchy. 

(c). Compromise proposal of Earl Grey to abolish 
the worst of the "rotten boroughs" and divide 
their representation among the unrepresented or 
inadequately represented manufacturing towns 
and counties. 

(d). Earl Grey's reform bill rejected by the House 
of Lords. 

(e). Determination of the country to effect the re- 
form of parliament evinced by the result of the 
parliamentary election of 1831. 

(f). The king, in fear for his throne and monarchi- 
cal institutions, influences the House of Lords to 
yield. 

(g). The reform bill becomes law, June 1832. 
(6). The Eeform Bill. 

(a). Immediate result. 

Note 175. One hundred and forty-three seats were taken 
away from the holders of agricultural land and given 
to manufacturing towns and to counties where the 
manufacturing interest predominated. 
(b). Ultimate result. — The establishment of the 
principle of adjusting parliamentary representa- 
tion to the census. 
(c). Political effects of the reform bill. 
I 1 . Demonstration of the practicability of reform 

without revolution. 
2\ General acceptance by the nation of the prin- 
ciple of reform, by constitutional means, of ac- 
knowledged abuses. 



140 Outline Study of 

3 1 . Extremists on both sides in decreasing minor- 
ity. 
v(7). Conservative attitude of the "first reformed par- 
liament" (1833). 
(a). Abolition of negro slavery in the West Indies, 
(b). Refusal to yield to the demand of O'Connell for 
Irish home rule and the disestablishment of the 
Protestant Church of Ireland. 
'(8). Lord Melbourne prime minister, 1834. 

(a). Eeform of the laws relating to relief of the 

poor, 
(b). Ra'dical modernization of the constitution of 
municipal corporations. 
(9). Death of William IV, June 20, 1837. 

4. Victoria, 

a. Lived 1819-1901; reigned 1837-1901. 

b. Title to the throne, — daughter and heir of Edward, 

Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III and next 
younger brother of William IV. 

c. History of the reign of Queen Victoria. 

(1). Quieting effect on politics of the accession of a 
young girl to the throne. 

(2). The monarchy becomes the most popular of the 
country's institutions. 

(3). Liberal party in power; Lord Melbourne prime 
minister with Lord John Russell as party leader 
in the House of Commons. 

(4). Strong and growing opposition of the moderate 
conservatives under the leadership of Sir Robert 
Peel. 
.(5). Principal of national control of education es- 
tablished 1839. 

(6). Adoption of the modern postal system, the "pen- 
ny post", 1839. 



English History 14X 

(7). Insurrectionary movements in Canada and Jamai- 
ca ; failure of the government in its efforts to re- 
store order in these colonies. 

(8). The narrow majority of the government in the 
House of Commons overthrown by unpopular fi- 
nancial measures. 

(9). The Conservative party in power, 1841; Sir Eob- 
ert Peel prime minister. 

(10). Marriage of the queen to her cousin Prince Al- 
bert of Saxe Coburg Gotha, 1810; character and 
position of the Prince Consort. 

(11). Industrial oppression and social discontent, 
(a). Difficulty in adjusting conditions of labor to- 
the new processes made necessary by steam 
power machinery. 

(b) . High cost of living and uncertainty of employ- 
ment produce famine conditions in the crowded 
manufacturing towns. 

(c). General belief among the disfranchised masses- 
that their interests had been deliberately neg- 
lected in the reform measures recently enacted.. 

(d). The Chartist Association; its agitation for a 
democratic constitution. 

(e). The Anti-Corn Law League for the repeal of 
protective customs duties on food. 
1\ Determination to end forever the domination 
of the land-holding interest in society and 
politics. 
2 1 . The party name of "radical" applied to the- 
supporters of these views ; "Radical" leaders : 
Eichard Cobden, John Bright,, and others. 
(12). The thirty years from 1845-1875. (The most 
momentous in Jiistory.) 

(a). Conditions of human life entirely changed by 
the steam railroad, the steamship, and the elec- 
tric telegraph. 



142 Outline Study of 

'(b). Special advantages of the British nation in 

view of these world-wide changes. 
I 1 . Commercial instincts and habits pervading all 

classes. 
2 1 . Efficient commercial organization supported by 

all the activities of government. 
3\ The "free trade policy" which encouraged the 

widest range of commercial activity, 
4 1 . Colonial settlements in all parts of the world. 
5 1 . Inexhaustible mines of the best steam coal, 

etc. 

Note 176. As a result of the intelligent use of all these 
advantages, Great Britain acquired the unquestioned 
commercial leadership of the world and the resulting 
prosperity was shared by all classes of the popula- 
tion. 

(13). Principal events in the history of the reign of 
Queen Victoria from 1845-1901. 



English History 



143 



GOVERNMENT. 



Lord John Russell 
Prime Minister 
(1845-1852) 



Lord Derby 

Prime Minister 

( 1852-1853) 

Lord Aberdeen 

Prime Minister 

(1853-1855) 



Lord Palmerston 
Prime Minister 

(1855-1858) 



Lord Derby- 
Prime Minister 
(1858-1859) 



Lord Palmerston 

Prime Minister 

(1849-1865) 

William E. Gladstone 

Finance Minister 



PARTY. 



Liberal 



Conservative 



Coalition 



Liberal 



Conservative 



Liberal 



Revolution on the Conti- 
nent; Irish insurrection; 
Chartist agitation (1848). 

Dismissal of Lord Palmer» 
ston for undue interfer- 
ence in the affairs of the 
Continent; the Oxford 
movement and tractarian 
controversy in the English 
Church (1851). 



Alliance of England and 
France against Russia 
(1853-1855). 

The Crimean War (1854- 
1855.) 

Peace with Russia; wars 
with Persia and China 
(1856). 

The Great Indian Mutiny 
(1857-1858). 

China opened to foreign 
trade (1858). 

Political disabilities of Eng- 
lish Jews removed (1858). 

Government of India trans- 
ferred from the East India 
Company to the crown 
(1858). 

Free trade policy carried to 
its fullest extent by Glad- 
stone (1860). 

Civil War in the United 
States; efforts of the Brit- 
ish government to break 
up the American Union 
(1861-1862). 



144 



Outline Study of 



GOVERNMENT. 



PARTY. 



Palmerston, Cont. 



Lord John Russell 
(Earl Russell) 
Prime Minister 
(1865-1866) 
Lord Derby 

Prime Minister 
(1866-1868) 



Liberal 



Conservative 



Disraeli 

Prime Minister 

(1868.) 

Wm. E. Gladstone 
Prime Minister 
(1868-1874) 



Conservative 



Liberal 



Union of Italy with British 
assistance (1860.) 

The provinces of Schlwes- 
wig and Holstein taken 
from Denmark by Prussia 
in defiance of British pro- 
test (1864). 

Prussia dominant in central 
Europe (1866). 



Passage of the household 
suffrage act, extending 
the privilege of voting for 
members of the House of 
Commons to the masses 
of the population (1867). 

Confederation of the Domin- 
ion of Canada; adoption 
of the principle of unre- 
stricted self-government 
for the important colonies 
(1867). 

Agitation for Irish reforms; 
Fenian outrages; the Man- 
chester riots; the Clerk- 
enwell plot (1868). 

Opening of the Suez Canal, 
changing sea route to 
India (1869). 

Disestablishment of the 
Protestant Church in Ire- 
land (1869). 

The Franco- Prussian War; 
the United German Em- 
pire ; the French Republic 
(1870-1871). 

The " Alabama Claims " ar- 
bitration; recognition of 
the principle of damages 
due the United States for 
British violation of neu- 



English History 



145 



GOVERNMENT. 



PAETY. 



EVENTS. 



Disraeli Cont. 



Disraeli 
(Earl of Beaconsfield) 
Prime Minister 

(1874-1880) 



Conservative 



Wm. E. Gladstone 
Prime Minister 
(1880-1885) 



Liberal 



trality during the Ameri- 
can War (1871). 

Permanent and aggressive 
opposition to radical re- 
form developed in the 
House of Lords (1871- 
1873). 

British government pur- 
chases a controlling inter- 
est in the Suez Canal 
(1875). 

The queen assumes the title 
of Empress of India (1876). 

Troubles in Turkey; the 
"Bulgarian atrocities" 
denounced by Gladstone 
(1876). 

The Russo-Turkish War; 
the Treaty of Berlin; Brit- 
ish support of Turkey; 
threatened war with Rus- 
sia (1877-1878). 

War in Afghanistan to 
guard the northern fron- 
tier of India against Rus- 
sia (1879). 

Troubles with the Dutch 
Republics of South Afri- 
ca; annexation of the 
Transvaal Republic to the 
British dominions; the 
Zulu war (1877-1880). 

Boer War; British defeat at 
Majuba Hill; the Dutch 
South African Republics 
independent. (1881.) 

The Land League agitation 
in Ireland under the lead- 
ership of Charles Parnell; 
the Phoenix Park mur- 
ders-, (1881-1882.) 



146 



Outline Study of 



GOVERNMENT. 



Gladstone, Cont. 



Lord Salisbury 
Prime Minister 

(1886-1892) 

Wm. E. Gladstone 

Prime Minister 

Succeeded by Lord 

Boseberry in 1894 

(1892-1895) 



Lord Salisbury 
Prime Minister 

Succeeded by Arthur 

J. Balfour in 1902 

(1895-1905) 



PARTY. 



Conservative 



Radical 

1892-1895 ' 



Coalition of 
conservative 
and " Union- 
ist" Liberals. 
(1895-1905) 



EVENTS. 



The occupation of Egypt, 
(1881.) 

War in the Soudan; loss of 
Khartum; death of Gene- 
ral Gordon, (1882-1885. ) 

Reform Bill; redistribution 
of membership of the 
House of Commons, 1884. 

General election; the Irish 
members of the House of 
Commons hold balance of 
power, (1885.) 

Home rule for Ireland pro- 
posed by Gladstone; bill 
passed in the House of 
Commons, but rejected in 
the Lords; general elec- 
tion defeats Gladstone, 
(1886.) 

Establishment of represen- 
tative governments (coun- 
ty councils in each county, 
(1886-1892). 

Disputes with the perma- 
nent conservative majori- 
ty in the House of Lords 
(1892-1895). 

Adoption of the principal of 
discriminating taxation 
against great wealth. 

Second jubilee of Queen 
Victoria (60th anniversa- 
ry of her reign 1897). 

Revival of 4t Imperialist " 
sentiment; the dominant 
party pledged to the 
strengthening of the ties 
between the Mother 
Country and the colonies. 

Recovery of the Soudan and 
the upper Nile for Egypt 
(1898). 



English History 



U7 



GOVERNMENT. 


PARTY 


EVENTS. 


Salisbury, Cont. 




Development of South Afri- 
ca; clash with the inde- 
pendent Boer republics 
(1898). 

The "Jameson Raid;" at- 
tempted revolution in the 
Transvaal; (1895). 

The Boer War; British mili- 
tary reverses (1899-1900). 

Guerilla War in South Afri- 
ca; the Boers finally 
crushed (1900-1902). 

Federation of Australia 
(1900). 

Death of Queen Victoria 
(1901). 



5. Edward VII. 

a. Lived 1841-1910; reigned 1901-1910. 

b. Title to the throne; — eldest son of Queen Victoria. 

c. Principal events in the reign of Edward VII. 



GOVERNMENT. 


PARTY. 


EVENTS. 


Arthur J. Balfour 


Unionist 


Policv of " colonial prefer- 


Prime Minister 




ence " in trade as a pre- 


(1902-1905) 




liminary to " imperial fed- 
eration " advocated by 
Joseph Chamberlain; the 
policy denounced by the 
Liberals and many Union- 
ists as a reversal of the 
"Free Trade" policy 
(1902-1903). 


Sir Henry Campbell- 


Liberal 


Measures of radical reform 


Bannerman 




defeated by amendment 


Prime Minister 




in the House of Lords 


(1905-1908) 




(1905-1908). 



148 



Outline Study of 



GOVERNMENT. 


PARTY. 


EVENTS. 


Herbert Asquith 


Radical 


" The budget " for the years 


Prime Minister 


Coalition 


1909-1910 containing pro- 


David Lloyd George 




visions for new and heavy 


Minister of Finance 




taxation of land values re- 


(1908- ) 




jected by the House of 
Lords (1908). 

The policy of the govern- 
ment upheld and the 
course of the House of 
Lords condemned in a 
general election (1910). 

Death of King Edward VII. 



6, George V, 

a. Lived 1865 — ; reigned 1910 — . 

b. Title to the throne — eldest surviving son of Edward VII. 



GOVERNMENT. 


PARTY. 


EVENTS. 


Asquith 

Prime Minister 

Lloyd George 
Minister of Finance 


Radical 
Coalition 


Failure of efforts to prevent 
a constitutional crisis over 
the veto power of the 
House of Lords (1910.) 

A. government bill for re- 
stricting the veto power 
of the House of Lords re- 
jected by that House 
(1910). 

The policy of the govern- 
ment again approved by 
the country in a general 
election (1910). 

The threat of an unsparing 
use of the power of the 
crown to create new seats 
in the House of Lords 
forces that House to as- 
sent to a law abolishing 



English History 



149 



GOVERNMENT. 


PARTY. 


EVENTS. 


Asquith, Cont. 




its right of absolute rejec- 
tion of measures passed 
by the House of Commons; 
end of the hereditary 
House of Lords as a body 
possessing coordinate 
powers with the House of 
Commons, 1911. 



7. Literature of the Period. 

a. Age of Scott, 1800-1830. 

(1). Age of romantic poetry; reaction from the school 
of Pope ; influence of Bishop Percy's "Beliques." 

(2). Prose writers: Scott, Southey, Coleridge, Wilson, 
DeQuincej'-, Lamb, 
(a). The Waverley Novels. 

(3). Eepresentative poets: — Scott, Byron, Shelley, 

Moore, Keats, Campbell, Wordsworth, Coleridge. 

b. Early Victorian Literature. 

(1). Great productiveness in all classes of literature; 
the poetry of the period permeated with the sci- 
entific ideas of the age ; age of prose fiction. 

(2). Representative prose writers: — Macaulay, Dick- 
ens, Thackeray, George Eliot, Bulwer, Darwin, 
Carlyle, Euskin ; the "great English novelists". 

(3). Eepresentative poets: — Tennyson, Browning, Mrs. 
Browning, Swinburne. 



OCT 4 1912 



